BRINE SHRIMP TOXICITY: CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF STAPELIA, CORYPHANTA, LUPINUS, AND QUINOA
Abstract
A method utilizing brine shrimp, Artemia salina (Leach), is proposed as a simple, rapid, and inexpensive bioassay for screening and fractionation monitoring of physiologically active plant extracts. Activities of a broad range of compounds are manifested as toxicity to the shrimp. The procedure was investigated as a general bioassay tool during the fractionation and isolation of components of the title plants. Candicine (N,N,N-trimethyltyramine) (LC(,50) 923 (mu)g/ml) was isolated and choline, tyramine, and N-methyltyramine were detected in Stapelia gigantea N. E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Two new naturally occurring quaternary amines, O-methylcandicine (LC(,50) 425 (mu)g/ml and (+)-coryphanthine (N,N,N-trimethyl-(beta)-methoxyphenethylamine ) (LC(,50) 354 (mu)g/ml) were isolated from the Mexican cactus, Coryphantha greenwoodii H. Bravo. Optically active coryphanthine was synthesized from resolved (beta)-hydroxyphenethylamine through N,N-dimethyl-(beta)-chlorophenethylamine. (-)-(alpha)-Isosparteine (LC(,50) 0.9 (mu)g/ml was identified as the previously isolated by uncharacterized major alkaloid component of the toxic Lupinus argenteus var. stenophyllus (Rydb.) Davis (Fabaceae). A bitter tetraoside (LC(,50) 260 (mu)g/ml) of hederagenin (olean-12-ene-3,23-dihydroxy-28-oic acid) was isolated and characterized from quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Chenopodiaceae), a valuable South American food crop. Screening for quaternary alkaloids by thin-layer chromatography and by laser desorption tandem mass spectrometry resulted in the detection of known candicine, but no new compounds except for those in C. greenwoodii, in several cactus species.
Degree
Ph.D.
Subject Area
Pharmacology|Aquaculture|Fish production
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