Peanut consumption with a meal or as a snack: Effects on appetite, energy intake, plasma glucose, insulin and lipids
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse relationship between nut intake frequency and body mass index (BMI). This is a paradoxical finding, as nuts are an energy dense food and the consumption of energy dense foods has been implicated in the etiology of obesity. Intake frequency has also been proposed to influence BMI by impacting energy intake. The current study attempted to reconcile these two ideas and determine if dietary pattern optimizes peanut energy compensation. Sixty-three participants were randomized to one of three treatments (peanut, snack mix and snack mix with peanuts) with all participants completing the control treatments. Participants completed four sessions in random order, including two levels of intervention (treatment vs. control) and two levels of session (meal vs. snack). Lunch was provided at all sessions. Meal sessions required provision ingestion during the lunch meal, while the provision was ingested 120 minutes after the lunch meal during snack sessions. Treatment provisions were matched on energy, macronutrient composition, weight, sensory attributes and palatability. The control provision was matched to peanuts on energy and palatability. There were no differences in total daily energy intake between the control (2573 ± 67 kcal), peanut (2490 ± 107 kcal), snack mix (2483 ± 113 kcal) and snack mix with peanuts (2495 ± 116 kcal). Habitual snackers tended to consume more total daily energy (2597 ± 19 kcal) compared to habitual non-snackers (2423 ± 86 kcal). The peanut provision significantly reduced mean daily hunger ratings (20 ± 2 mm) compared to the control (25 ± 1 mm) provision. There were no differences in mean daily fullness ratings among the treatment provisions. The peanut (28% of the provision energy load), snack mix (30%) and snack mix with peanut (26%) provisions elicited a difference in energy compensation as compared to the control provision. Moreover, perturbations of habitual intake pattern reduced energy compensation. Taken together, these findings suggest that energy compensation is enhanced when persons are maintained on their habitual intake pattern.
Degree
Ph.D.
Advisors
Mattes, Purdue University.
Subject Area
Nutrition
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