Predictors of breast self -examination behavior among Malaysian women

Ahmad Tajuddin Othman, Purdue University

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine which variables predict breast self-examination (BSE) among Malaysian women. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used as the conceptual framework. Subjects were a convenience sample of 433 highly educated mostly Malay women 22 to 51 years old ( M = 33.5) who taught at 23 different high schools all over Malaysia. Research questions explored the relationships between demographics, breast cancer risk factors, health beliefs, health practices, health status, communication with health-care providers, and BSE behavior (practice and frequency). Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires including Champion's HBM Scale (Champion, 1993), the SF-36 Health Survey (Ware, 1993), and an instrument for demographic and experiential information developed by the investigator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, point-biserial correlations, Chi-square, t-tests, forward stepwise logistic regression, and discriminant function analysis. Women who performed BSE were more likely to be older and married with children. Further, they were more likely to have had a breast biopsy, a clinical breast examination (CBE), and a Pap smear. Lastly, they were more likely to have talked with a physician about breast cancer and BSE and/or to be taught how to perform BSE by a nurse or physician. Analysis of the data also revealed there were differences between the performer and non-performer groups in terms of health beliefs, health status, and physician communication. Breast self-examination performers were more motivated in their general health, more confident in their ability to perform BSE, perceived fewer barriers, had communication with their physicians, and perceived themselves to be in a better health than non-performers. The variables of perceived confidence, perceived barriers, and physician communication predicted both BSE practice and frequency. In addition, having obtained CBE was the strongest predictor of BSE practice. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for designing BSE educational interventions that focus on self-efficacy and reducing barriers for Malaysian women. The physicians' role in disseminating information about breast cancer, the importance of BSE in early detection of breast cancer, and encouraging women to obtain CBE and practice monthly BSE also were discussed.

Degree

Ph.D.

Advisors

Lyle, Purdue University.

Subject Area

Health education|Public health

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