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KAUPA Letters

KAUPA Letters

DOI

10.5703/1288284318372

Abstract

This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of late imperial Chinese society and local governance, focusing on the enigmatic concept of the "gentry." The term "gentry" carries multifaceted connotations, applied to both individuals and families, with political, social, or economic significance depending on the context. Controversy surrounds the role of the gentry in Chinese local society, ranging from praise as influential figures to criticism as targets in anti-feudal movements. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that the gentry constituted a pivotal social group in Chinese society, standing above the commoners. To understand their influence, it is crucial to examine their institutional roles within the broader context of Chinese society. Historians have debated the concept and role of the gentry, exacerbated by variations in its definition across different historical periods. The term "gentry" pertains to local elites who have acquired degrees through state authorities, extending beyond political bureaucrats to include former officials and potential officials who embody Confucian culture. These gentry were expected to maintain local political and social order and act as intermediaries between the government and local communities. Another group within the local elite comprises large landowners and affluent merchants who, while fulfilling intermediary roles due to their financial resources, do not share the status of "shenshi." The status and authority of the "shenshi" were fundamentally politically grounded, distinguishing them from those who made financial contributions but did not actively participate in local leadership. The local elite, or "shenshi," evolved over successive dynasties, marked by their cultural hegemony. Their culture encompassed literati activities, patronage, mediation of social conflicts, avoidance of physical labor, courteous social interactions, and public demonstrations of affluence, solidifying their status and influence within Chinese society.

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