Abstract
Background
The first generation of genome sequence assemblies and annotations have had a significant impact upon our understanding of the biology of the sequenced species, the phylogenetic relationships among species, the study of populations within and across species, and have informed the biology of humans. As only a few Metazoan genomes are approaching finished quality (human, mouse, fly and worm), there is room for improvement of most genome assemblies. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome, published in 2006, was noted for its bimodal GC content distribution that affected the quality of the assembly in some regions and for fewer genes in the initial gene set (OGSv1.0) compared to what would be expected based on other sequenced insect genomes.
Results
Here, we report an improved honey bee genome assembly (Amel_4.5) with a new gene annotation set (OGSv3.2), and show that the honey bee genome contains a number of genes similar to that of other insect genomes, contrary to what was suggested in OGSv1.0. The new genome assembly is more contiguous and complete and the new gene set includes ~5000 more protein-coding genes, 50% more than previously reported. About 1/6 of the additional genes were due to improvements to the assembly, and the remaining were inferred based on new RNAseq and protein data.
Conclusions
Lessons learned from this genome upgrade have important implications for future genome sequencing projects. Furthermore, the improvements significantly enhance genomic resources for the honey bee, a key model for social behavior and essential to global ecology through pollination.
Keywords
Apis mellifera; GC content; Gene annotation; Gene prediction; Genome assembly; Genome improvement; Genome sequencing; Repetitive DNA; Transcriptome
Date of this Version
1-30-2014
DOI
10.1186/1471-2164-15-86
Recommended Citation
Elsik, Christine G.; Worley, Kim C.; Bennett, Anna K.; Beye, Martin; Camara, Francisco; Childers, Christopher P.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Debyser, Griet; Deng, Jixin; Devreese, Bart; Elhaik, Eran; Evans, Jay D.; Foster, Leonard J.; Graur, Dan; Guigo, Roderic; HGSC production teams; Hoff, Katharina Jasmin; Holder, Michael E.; Hudson, Matthew E.; Hunt, Greg; Jiang, Huaiyang; Joshi, Vandita; Khetani, Radhika S.; Kosarev, Peter; Kovar, Christie L.; Ma, Jian; Maleszka, Ryszard; Moritz, Robin FA; Munoz-Torres, Monica C.; Murphy, Terence D.; Muzny, Donna M.; Newsham, Irene F.; Reese, Justin T.; Robertson, Hugh M.; Robinson, Gene E.; Rueppell, Olav; Solovyev, Victor; Stanke, Mario; Stolle, Eckart; Tsuruda, Jennifer M.; Van Vaerenbergh, Matthias; Waterhouse, Robert M.; Weaver, Daniel B.; Whitfield, Charles W.; Wu, Yuanqing; Zdobnov, Evgeny M.; Zhang, Lan; Zhu, Dianhui; and Gibbs, Richard A., "Finding the Missing Honey Bee Genes: Lessons Learned From a Genome Upgrade." (2014). Department of Entomology Faculty Publications. Paper 9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-86
Comments
This is the publisher pdf of Christine G Elsik, Kim C Worley, Anna K Bennett, Martin Beye, Francisco Camara, Christopher P Childers, Dirk C de Graaf, Griet Debyser, Jixin Deng, Greg J Hunt, et al. Finding the Missing Honey Bee Genes: Lessons Learned From a Genome Upgrade. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:86 (30 January 2014) and is available at: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-86.