2024-03-28T16:55:25Z
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/do/oai/
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1480
2012-10-11T19:33:28Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Tool for Evaluating Access Control on High Speed Urban Arterials, Part II: User's Manual
Brown, Henry C.
Labi, Samuel
Tarko, Andrzej P.
Fricker, Jon D.
A highway system serves two needs: mobility and accessibility. Access control techniques are used to restrict access to the highway and improve vehicle flow. The objective of this research was to develop a comprehensive procedure to evaluate access control alternatives. The procedure includes the design and quantitative evaluation of alternatives to select the best one. Evaluation of each alternative includes prediction of turning volumes, delays, crash rates, and economic effectiveness. Several existing models predict traffic delays for signalized intersections and for minor streams at unsignalized intersections. Models are needed to predict delays of arterial streams caused by minor streams at unsignalized intersections. To address this missing component, models were developed to predict the delays caused to arterial streams by the following maneuvers: merging onto the arterial, diverging from the arterial, and left turn from the arterial. Models to predict crash rates for multi-lane arterial segments in Indiana based on geometric and access control characteristics were also developed. Models were developed to predict total, propertydamage- only, and fatal/injury crashes. For the economic evaluation of each alternative, delays and stops are converted to operating costs for representative periods, and the crash rates are converted to crash costs. The agency costs can also be estimated. After the economic evaluation of each access control alternative, the best alternative can be selected.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/9
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313132
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1480/viewcontent/jtrp9.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
access control
urban arterial
user costs
unsignalized intersection
transportation planning
highway management
SPR-2144
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1502
2013-11-11T02:13:51Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Bioremediation Treatability Studies for Soils Containing Herbicides, Chemicals, and Petroleum Products
Nies, Loring F.
Mesarch, Matthew B.
Leaking underground storage tanks are widespread throughout the United States. It is estimated that there are 1.4 million underground gasoline storage tanks in the United States, with as many as 75,000 to 100,000 that may be leaking. In Indiana alone, more than 3,500 of the 15,000 registered underground storage tank facilities have reported leaks. Conventional remediation methods often involve pump-and-treat schemes for contaminated water, and excavation and burial of contaminated soil in hazardous waste landfills. These methods increase the risk of exposure to pollutants for workers and local residents. Furthermore, these methods merely involve the transfer of pollutants from one environmental compartment to another, and are rather costly. Bioremediation is another method available for the restoration of contaminated sites. Advantages of bioremediation include competitive cost, pollutant destruction, and minimal environmental disturbance. By biodegrading organic pollutants on site, exposure to pollutants is minimized and costs are reduced. Bioremediation can potentially be an effective, low-cost, and terminal solution for remediation of sites contaminated with organic pollutants. The goal of bioremediation is to accelerate the biodegradation rates of naturally occurring microorganisms that utilize organic pollutants as a food source. The overall objective of this study was to determine whether bioremediation is a feasible treatment option for contaminated INDOT soils. All INDOT solids tested had three things in common. First, a thriving heterotrophic microbial population existed. Second, bacteria capable of degrading benzoate (a toluene surrogate) were present in all soils. Finally, toluene evidence that physical, rather than microbial, parameters control biological processes in soil. Based on these results as a whole, we conclude that in-situ bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a treatment option which should have increased utilization.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/31
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313154
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1502/viewcontent/jtrp31.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bioremediation
petroleum
gasoline
LUST
leaking underground storage tanks
soil remediation
groundwater
HPR-2008
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1473
2012-10-11T19:30:13Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Field Study of Scour Monitoring Devices for Indiana Streams
Cooper, Thomas J.
Chen, Huey-Long
Lyn, Dennis A.
Rao, A. Ramachandra
Altschaeffl, A. G.
INDOT is considering the deployment of fixed scour-monitoring instrumentation as part of a systematic response to the problem of scour around bridge piers. Fixed-in-place automated scour-monitoring devices measure the depth of scour at the point where they are installed. Unless they are installed at the location where maximum scour occurs, their readings may give a misleading estimate of scour potential. This raises a number of technical issues concerning their effective deployment and the interpretation of the collected data, which should be resolved in order to maximize the benefits to INDOT from using these monitoring devices. These include the location of maximum scour under different pier configurations and hydraulic conditions, as well as possible effects due to pier skewness and exposed footings. This report describes laboratory experiments that were performed to study these issues for various flow conditions and pier configurations. The experiments were conducted in a straight channel of rectangular cross-section located in the Hydromechanics Laboratory at Purdue University. The pier geometry was the same in all experiments, and was chosen to be similar to that of a prototype pier (in the US 52 bridge over the Wabash River), though exact scaling was not attempted. Both single and double (i.e., one upstream and one downstream) piers were studied. In general, for piers that were not skewed with respect to the flow, the location of maximum scour was as expected found in the immediate vicinity of the upstream nose of the up-stream pier. Nevertheless, even with relatively small skewness, for flow angle of attack less than or equal to 10°, the location of maximum scour may actually move downstream, either to the side of the pier or even away from the more upstream pier towards the downstream pier in the double-pier arrangement. Measurements at the nose of the upstream pier may therefore grossly underestimate scour in downstream regions if even slight skewness occurs during floods. Experiments also indicated that, under clear-water conditions, an exposed footing may actually serve to arrest the deepening of the scour hole. Under the live-bed high-transport conditions more likely to prevail in Indiana streams, the experimental results suggest that this may be more questionable.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/2
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313125
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1473/viewcontent/jtrp2.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bridge scour
scour-monitoring
field study
bridge haydraulics
SPR-2149
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1499
2012-10-11T19:47:06Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Automation of Overweight Truck Permit Process for Michigan Trains
Whitford, Robert K.
Moffett, David P.
Technical guidance was provided by Purdue University to the Indiana Department of Transportation regarding specific issues around automation of permit issuance for overweight and oversized vehicles on a specific piece of highway in Northwest Indiana. Supporting this guidance were four commentaries which were: 1. Functional Specification for Automation of Michigan Trains 2. Draft Commentary on Touch ToneTM/Voice Response System Security for Michigan Trains 3. Draft Commentary on Touch ToneTM/Voice Response System Vendor for Michigan Trains 4. Draft Commentary on Touch ToneTM/Voice Response System Auditability for Michigan Trains These are included as appendices to this report.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/28
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313151
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1499/viewcontent/jtrp28.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
permitting
automation
specification
SPR-2039
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1474
2012-10-11T19:30:15Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Highway Travel Information System: Forecasting and Publicizing Delays in the Indiana State Highway Network
Yu, Shu-Ling
Fricker, Jon D.
The Highway Travel Information System (HTIS) is a long-term pre-trip information system providing information about expected events, such as road construction. The HTIS can be beneficial to both highway travelers and roadway project schedulers. Project schedulers can use the HTIS to check the forecasted traffic impacts of a proposed construction project schedule. If the schedule would cause unacceptable delays, a scheduler can try new schedules to reduce the delay. Travelers who have flexible schedules and would like to do pre-trip planning can obtain knowledge of traffic conditions in the near future from HTIS to avoid unnecessary delays. An approach called Workzone Delay Equilibrium Estimation (WDEE) is used by the HTIS to predict traffic conditions as construction zones age. Two extreme values of link volumes are calculated based on two scenarios: “no information”, in which no drivers know about a new road capacity reduction, and “complete information”, in which all drivers have adequate information about road construction zones. A relationship between link volumes and the age of a construction project has been hypothesized and applied to the two extreme cases to estimate link volumes during construction periods. Finally, the expected delays on links under construction are estimated based on the estimated link volumes. The HTIS is divided into three subsystems for the purpose of meeting the needs of different groups of users. They are the modeling, project scheduling, and web access subsystems. The modeling and project scheduling subsystems are for management purposes and the web access subsystem is for use by the traveling public. The modeling subsystem is built using Excel VBA and TransCAD GISDK interfaces. The main function of the modeling subsystem is to model traffic conditions and generate a delay database. The project scheduling subsystem is built on the TransCAD GISDK interface. The major tasks for the project scheduling subsystem include schedule database management and assisting project scheduling. The web access subsystem is built on several scripting languages, including Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), JavaScript, VB-script, and Active Server Pagers (ASP). With the web access subsystem, travelers may input their proposed departure times and receive information about expected delays at workzones that are expected to be active during their trips. Motorists can use the information to plan their trips up to two months in advance.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/3
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313126
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1474/viewcontent/jtrp3.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Highway Travel Information System (HTIS)
pre-trip
work zone
delay
project scheduling
SPR-2204
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1475
2012-10-11T19:30:57Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Laboratory Sensitivity Study of Hydraulic parameters Important in the Deployment of Fixed-In-Place Scour-Monitoring Devices
Lyn, Dennis A.
Neseem, E.
Rao, A. Ramachandra
Altschaeffl, A. G.
INDOT is considering the deployment of fixed scour-monitoring instrumentation as part of a systematic response to the problem of scour around bridge piers. Fixed-in-place automated scour-monitoring devices measure the depth of scour at the point where they are installed. Unless they are installed at the location where maximum scour occurs, their readings may give a misleading estimate of scour potential. This raises a number of technical issues concerning their effective deployment and the interpretation of the collected data, which should be resolved in order to maximize the benefits to INDOT from using these monitoring devices. These include the location of maximum scour under different pier configurations and hydraulic conditions, as well as possible effects due to pier skewness and exposed footings. This report describes laboratory experiments that were performed to study these issues for various flow conditions and pier configurations. The experiments were conducted in a straight channel of rectangular cross-section located in the Hydromechanics Laboratory at Purdue University. The pier geometry was the same in all experiments, and was chosen to be similar to that of a prototype pier (in the US 52 bridge over the Wabash River), though exact scaling was not attempted. Both single and double (i.e., one upstream and one downstream) piers were studied. In general, for piers that were not skewed with respect to the flow, the location of maximum scour was as expected found in the immediate vicinity of the upstream nose of the up-stream pier. Nevertheless, even with relatively small skewness, for flow angle of attack less than or equal to 10°, the location of maximum scour may actually move downstream, either to the side of the pier or even away from the more upstream pier towards the downstream pier in the double-pier arrangement. Measurements at the nose of the upstream pier may therefore grossly underestimate scour in downstream regions if even slight skewness occurs during floods. Experiments also indicated that, under clear-water conditions, an exposed footing may actually serve to arrest the deepening of the scour hole. Under the live-bed high-transport conditions more likely to prevail in Indiana streams, the experimental results suggest that this may be more questionable.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/4
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313127
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1475/viewcontent/jtrp4.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bridge scour
skewed pers
scour monitoring
laboratory simulations
SPR-2149
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1477
2012-10-11T19:33:24Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Methodology to Estimate Load and Non-Load Shares of Highway Pavement Routine Maintenance and Rehabilitation Expenditures
Li, Zongzhi
Sinha, Kumares C.
The present study focused on the estimation of load and non-load shares of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation expenditures. The information provides the basis for the allocation of pavement-related expenditures in a highway cost allocation study. A comprehensive database was developed in the study, and an aggregate performance approach was used based on econometric models. This approach utilizes the marginal effect of traffic loading to quantify the load and non-load shares of pavement routine maintenance and rehabilitation expenditures. The study revealed that the share of pavement damage attributable to load and non-load factors depends on several factors such as the type of improvement (routine maintenance or rehabilitation), pavement type, and other variables. For routine maintenance, the load and non-load shares were found to be 25-75 for flexible pavements, 36-64 and 60-40 for Jointed Concrete Pavements (JCP) and Continuously Reinforced Concrete (CRC) pavements, and 30-70 for composite pavements. The load and non-load fractions of rehabilitation expenditures used to repair pavement damage were found to be 30-70 for flexible pavements, 80-20 for JCP, and 40-60 for composite pavements. It is expected that the results of this study will facilitate the apportionment of pavement routine maintenance and rehabilitation expenditures in a fair and equitable manner.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/6
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313129
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1477/viewcontent/jtrp6.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
highway cost allocation
load and non-load shares
pavement routine maintenance and rehabilitation
flexible pavements
rigid pavements
composite pavements
SPR-2332
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1479
2012-10-11T19:33:26Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Tool for Evaluating Access Control on High Speed Urban Arterials, Part I
Brown, Henry C.
Labi, Samuel
Tarko, Andrzej P.
Fricker, Jon D.
A highway system serves two needs: mobility and accessibility. Access control techniques are used to restrict access to the highway and improve vehicle flow. The objective of this research was to develop a comprehensive procedure to evaluate access control alternatives. The procedure includes the design and quantitative evaluation of alternatives to select the best one. Evaluation of each alternative includes prediction of turning volumes, delays, crash rates, and economic effectiveness. Several existing models predict traffic delays for signalized intersections and for minor streams at unsignalized intersections. Models are needed to predict delays of arterial streams caused by minor streams at unsignalized intersections. To address this missing component, models were developed to predict the delays caused to arterial streams by the following maneuvers: merging onto the arterial, diverging from the arterial, and left turn from the arterial. Models to predict crash rates for multi-lane arterial segments in Indiana based on geometric and access control characteristics were also developed. Models were developed to predict total, propertydamage- only, and fatal/injury crashes. For the economic evaluation of each alternative, delays and stops are converted to operating costs for representative periods, and the crash rates are converted to crash costs. The agency costs can also be estimated. After the economic evaluation of each access control alternative, the best alternative can be selected.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/8
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313131
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1479/viewcontent/jtrp8.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
access control
urban arterial
user costs
unsignalized intersection
transportation planning
highway management
SPR-2144
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1478
2012-10-11T19:33:25Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Real-Time Offset Transitioning Algorithm for Coordinating Traffic Signals
Bullock, Darcy M.
Abbas, Montasir
This report introduces an adaptive real-time offset transitioning algorithm that can be viewed as an integrated optimization approach designed to work with traditional coordinated-actuated systems. The Purdue Real-Time Offset Transitioning Algorithm for Coordinating Traffic Signals (PRO-TRACTS) adds to the controllers the ability to adaptively change their offsets in response to changes in traffic pattern, providing an intermediate solution between traditional coordinated-actuated control systems and adaptive control systems. To facilitate implementation, a new National Transportation Communication for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) object for capturing detector actuation at the controller’s level is defined in this report. The unique cycle-based tabulation of volume and occupancy profiles at upstream detectors is used by a newly defined metric to examine the existence of shockwaves generated due to a poor offset downstream. The procedure is modeled after the analysis of variance testing. This procedure is performed on cycle-by-cycle basis to evaluate the offset performance and adjust it accordingly. Simulations of two case studies revealed 0-16% savings in total travel time and up to 44% saving in total number of stops for the coordinated movement when applied to systems with poor offsets. The algorithm is best suited for arterials with primarily through traffic. Heavy movements from the side streets onto the arterial make it difficult for the algorithm to determine which movement should be favored. PRO-TRACTS mitigates problems such as early-return-to-green, waiting queues, and improperly designed offsets using current setups of traffic signals/detectors in the US. The algorithm capitalizes on the existing knowledge and familiarity of traffic engineers and personnel with the current actuated control system to provide a cost-effective solution to improving signal coordination. Future research is needed to improve the stability of the algorithm with highly dispersed platoons and oscillatory traffic patterns caused by situations such as controllers skipping phases due to light traffic volume. It is also recommended that the algorithm should be extended to improve two-way signal progression instead of one-way progression.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/7
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313130
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1478/viewcontent/jtrp7.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
offset tuning
traffic signal coordination
coordinated-actuated operation
NTCIP
ITS
shockwave
PRO-TRACTS
Purdue
real-time
platoon
CORSIM
case study
SPR-2391
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1476
2012-10-11T19:30:58Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Methodology for the Analysis of ITS Impacts on Mobility, Air Quality, and Land Use
Sinha, Kumares C.
Peeta, Srinivas
Sultan, Muhammed Amer
Poonuru, Kamalakar
Richards, Nadine-Jenelle K.
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is currently implementing (or has implemented) several components of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This includes a mini Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) implemented on a three-mile stretch of the Borman Expressway to evaluate advanced non-intrusive sensor systems and the associated communication infrastructure for the installation of a full-scale ATMS on the 16-mile stretch of the Borman Expressway. Potential specific ITS technologies that are either being implemented or are being considered include pre-trip information, en-route information, variable message signs, and Hoosier Helpers. It is expected that the implementation of various ITS technologies on the Borman Expressway will result in improved traffic flow, lower travel times, higher average speeds, and improved safety and environment. This study evaluated the impacts of these ITS technologies on mobility, air quality, and safety on the Borman Expressway and its vicinity. 1) Mobility - The performance of various ITS components under normal and incident conditions for the Borman Expressway Evaluation Network were simulated and the results were compared with the corresponding scenarios in the absence of these technologies. The results suggest that the network can accommodate the vehicles that divert from the Borman Expressway, indicated by the decrease in the overall network average travel time with increase in market penetration of information. Hence, providing en-route route diversion information to some users can result in significant benefits in terms of travel time savings and congestion alleviation. 2) Air Quality - The performance of various ITS components under normal and incident conditions for the Borman Expressway Evaluation Network were simulated and the resulting HC, CO, and NOx emissions were compared with the emissions under a do-nothing scenario. The same network was used for air quality impact evaluation that was used for evaluating the mobility impacts of ITS. The results obtained from the simulation experiments indicated that significant improvement in air quality can be achieved by effective implementation of various ITS technologies under normal and incident conditions. One important trend observed from the results of these experiments was that the magnitude of reduction in mobile emissions was highest under incident conditions with link closure, and lowest under normal peak-hour conditions. 3) Safety - By testing the hypothesis that secondary crashes may take place as a direct result of primary incidents or traffic congestion, safety impacts were evaluated. Logistic regression modeling was used to predict the likelihood (risk) of a primary incident being followed by a secondary crash, using the “best” combination of primary incident characteristics. The resulting models suggested that the likelihood of a secondary crash occurring increases with an increase in the primary incident clearance time and with the involvement of a car, semi, or truck.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/5
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313128
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1476/viewcontent/jtrp5.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ITS
impact evaluation
mobility
air quality
safety
Indiana
SPR-2123
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1481
2012-10-11T19:34:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Alternatives to the Current AASHTO Standard Bridge Sections
Meir, Joseffa Viktoria
Cicciarelli, Michael Ramon
Ramirez, J. A.
Lee, Robert H.
The main objective of this study was evaluate feasible alternatives to the current AASHTO bridge girders used in Indiana. This evaluation included precast pretensioned bridge girders for spans from 30 to 130 feet with girder spacing between 5 and 10 feet up to 12 feet for the longer spans. Other criteria included girder design concrete compressive strengths up to 7000 psi, 8” total concrete deck thickness with design strength of 4000 psi, grade 60 steel for slab reinforcement and stirrups and ½” special grade 270 low-relaxation strand for prestressing steel. Post-tensioning and pretensioned box girders were outside the scope of the study.
Approximately 100 alternate sections were received from surveys sent to various department of transportation, consultants, and precasters in the United States. The girder cross sections were then evaluated for their structural efficiency and c ost effectiveness. This was done using the computer program, PCBM, developed by Professor Robert H. Lee at Purdue University and currently used by INDOT.
The AASHTO I, II, and III girders were found to be economical for spans 30 to 70 feet. No alternate sections were therefore recommended in this span range. In the range from 70 to 90 feet the Illinois 54” section is considered the most economical. This section is currently being used as the only alternate section in Indiana. Other alternate sections were found to be more economical for spans over 90 feet. The Kentucky Bulb Tees were recommended for use in spans from 90 to 130 feet to provide considerable savings over the standard AASHTO girders. This would result in a savings of as much as 20 to 25 percent of the bridge superstructure for the longer spans.
Design Aids were created fro these Kentucky Bulb Tees as well as for the AASHTO standards and the Illinois 54” sections. The use of these sections is supported by this research study and recommended to INDOT. Adopting these alternate sections would result in considerable savings in Indiana’s bridge construction.
1995-02-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/10
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313133
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1481/viewcontent/jtrp10.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
HPR-2079
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1482
2013-08-26T21:59:01Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Analysis of Cost Overruns and Time Delays of INDOT Projects
Bordat, Claire
McCullouch, Bob G.
Labi, Samuel
Sinha, Kumares C.
A commonality among state Departments of Transportation is the inability to complete projects on time and within budget. This project assessed the extent of the problem of cost overruns, time delays, and change orders associated with Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) construction projects, identified the reasons for such problems, and finally developed a set of recommendations aimed at their future reduction. For comparison purposes, data from other states were collected and studied using a questionnaire instrument. The analysis of the cost overrun, time delay and change order data was done using an array of statistical methods. The literature review and agency survey showed that time delays, cost overruns and change orders are generally due to factors such as design, unexpected site conditions, increases in project scope, weather conditions, and other project changes. The results of the agency survey showed that with regard to the problem of cost overruns, INDOT has an average rank compared to other states. Between 1996 and 2001, the overall rate for cost overrun amounts for INDOT projects was determined as 4.5%, and it was found that 55% of all INDOT contracts experienced cost overruns. It was determined that the average cost overrun amount and rate, as well as the contributory cost overrun factors differ by project type. The average cost overrun rates were as follows: bridge projects -- 8.1%, road construction -- 5.6%, road resurfacing -- 2.6%, traffic projects -- 5.6%, maintenance projects -- 7.5%. With regard to time delays, it was found that 12% of all INDOT contracts experience time delays, and the average delay per contract was 115 days. With regard to change orders, the study found that the dominant category of reasons for change orders is “errors and omissions”, a finding which is suggestive of possible shortcomings in current design practices The statistical analyses in the present study showed that the major factors of cost overruns, time delays, and change orders in Indiana are contract bid amount, difference between the winning bid and second bid, difference between the winning bid and the engineer’s estimate, project type and location by district. Besides helping to identify or confirm influential factors of cost overruns, time delay and change orders, the developed regression models may be used to estimate the extent of future cost overruns, time delay and change orders of any future project given its project characteristics and any available contract details. Such models can therefore be useful in long-term budgeting and needs assessment studies. Finally, the present study made recommendations for improving the management of projects and the administration of contracts in order to reduce cost overruns, time delays and change orders.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/11
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313134
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1482/viewcontent/jtrp11.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
change orders
cost overruns
time overruns
liquidated damages
errors and omissions
site conditions
SPR-2811
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1484
2012-10-11T19:34:56Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Analysis of Speed Limit Policies for Indiana
Khan, Nisar M.
Sinha, Kumares C.
The repeal of the National maximum Speed Limit law in 1995 enabled individual states to set their own speed limits. Speed limits are necessary to ensure mobility while preserving highway safety. It is important that states continually monitor and evaluate existing operating speeds in the context of changing patterns of travel, and changing characteristics of highways, vehicles, drivers, and land-use. Any efforts to review existing speed limits should be accompanied by evaluation of policy impacts such as safety and economic productivity. The goal of this research is to develop a set of speed limit policy guidelines for the state. The study reviews the historical trends in traffic speed in Indiana and recommends a detailed analysis of the impact of speed limit changes on safety and the trucking industry in Indiana. The report also presents a state-of-the-art practice review and a set of possible actions that may be considered for speed limits in Indiana.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/13
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313136
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1484/viewcontent/jtrp13.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
maximum speed limit
state highway network
Indiana
safety
productivity
SPR-2150
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1486
2012-10-11T19:35:00Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Electronic Surveillance and Control System for the Management of Traffic on the Borman Expressway, Part II: Calibrating a Simulation Model
Wang, Mu-Han
Cassidy, Michael J.
The purpose of this project was to calibrate a freeway simulation model to emulate traffic operating conditions on the Borman Expressway in Northwest Indiana. To replicate Borman operating conditions, the project adopted Integrated Traffic Simulation (INTRAS), a microscopic, stochastic freeway simulation model. Appropriate input data were developed on geometric, traffic and driver behavior information, based on physical measurements and other available data. The model was calibrated and statistical analysis were conducted to validate the accuracy of the results.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/15
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313138
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1486/viewcontent/jtrp15.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
freeway
traffic simulation
Borman Expressway
calibration
HPR-2054
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1485
2013-11-13T17:15:39Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Assessment of Highway Financing Needs in Indiana
Sinha, Kumares C.
Labi, Samuel
Hodge, Stacey D.
Tine, Gabriel U.
Shah, Hardik Rajendra
In recent years highway revenues in Indiana have been eroding due to inflation, increased costs, and the increased use of fuel-efficient vehicles. It is necessary, therefore, to reliably assess the current and future needs for highway funding in order to facilitate informed fiscal planning. This study provides a methodology for tracking current and future demand for highway financing, along with a systematic modeling approach for revenue projections such that financing plans can be developed for state and local highway networks. Highway infrastructure needs for pavements, bridges, safety, and capacity improvements for the 15-year period between 2006 and 2020 are assessed for both state and local agencies. Needs are primarily determined on the basis of pavement and bridge conditions. Revenue projections are made using the current allocation and funding mechanisms. The study results indicate that the 15-year financing needs for the state highway agency are in the range of $30 billion (2002$) and the total expected revenue during the same period is $16.87 billion, creating a financing gap in the range of $0.86 to $0.89 billion per year. The local agencies will face a revenue gap in the range of $0.83 to $0.98 million annually during the same period.
2005-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/14
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313137
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1485/viewcontent/jtrp14.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
highway finance
highway need assessment
HERS-ST
funding gap
revenue forecasting methodology
state highway revenue
local highway revenue
motor fuel taxes
registration
SPR-2637
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1483
2012-10-11T19:34:50Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Analysis of Seismic Hazards in Indiana
Haase, Jennifer
Nowack, Robert
Park, Chi Hyun
Hunyar, Alison
Hill, John
Hamburger, Michael
Current USGS probabilistic seismic hazard estimates (Frankel et al., 2002) show a higher seismic hazard in southwestern Indiana than for the rest of the state. This is expected based on past work documenting large pre-historic events in the Wabash Valley, and also based on isoseismal levels of shaking from the New Madrid 1811-1812 earthquakes. When assessing the hazard on a county by county basis, the local soil conditions produce amplification of shaking in regions with soft or unconsolidated sediments relative to firm-rock sites. We have reproduced the probabilistic seismic hazard calculation following the USGS methodology for the state of Indiana and provided details for the shaking level on each county of the state. Here we compare the 1996 and 2002 versions of the seismic hazard maps [Frankel et al., 1996; Frankel et al., 2002]. We also compare the results with an assumed maximum magnitude for the New Madrid earthquake of 7.3. This produces significantly lower acceleration levels. The USGS probabilistic maps were constructed assuming firmrock sites. Versions of the maps were produced assuming other NEHRP classification levels, however no information was provided specific to the state of Indiana that suggests which site classification is appropriate for a given location. More recent studies have attempted to provide more detailed soil amplification classifications for the central U.S. These are described by [Bauer et al., 2001] and [Street et al., 2001]. A new methodology has been developed to incorporate soil profile site effects into the probabilistic calculation [Cramer, 2003; Cramer et al., 2003]. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by applying it to a low resolution near-surface velocity model based on a limited amount of soil profile data in Indiana, and we report on the relative amplification and deamplification expected given the available data. The results show particular regions of amplification on the order of 2 or greater for both the 1 Hz and the 5 Hz spectral acceleration with 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years, between the standard NEHRP B/C site and the probabilistic site effect calculation. For the 1 Hz maps, this occurs in the central and central northern part of the state including the Indianapolis metropolitan area, where the surficial units of glacial tills are particularly thick because of the sediments that both fill the bedrock Teays Valley and that overlie it in thickness up to 1,370 meters. Lower amplitudes are noted for much of the south central part of the state because bedrock crops out or is present near the surface. These results are useful because they give a first order estimate that illustrates the potential effect of geology. They are demonstration maps that lack the detailed data required for practical use, but serve as a proof-of-concept for the probabilistic site effect methodology. Even with these approximate maps it is clear that there is a significant variation in the number of counties that would be impacted by the engineering design criteria, depending on the level of approximation in the methodology chosen. We describe the datasets that we have collected and used to establish the input geology-based velocity model, including comparisons with independent datasets that allow us to estimate the true uncertainty of the measurements. Future versions of PSHA maps with site effects are planned that will use a database with higher resolution information on shear wave velocity structure. These future maps will provide information at the level necessary for planning and budgeting, though site specific studies will still be needed for engineering.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/12
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313135
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1483/viewcontent/jtrp12.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
seismic hazard
seismic design
bridges
earthquake
risk
acceleration
SPR-2812
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1487
2013-03-11T19:58:17Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Evaluation of Innovative Transportation Financing Techniques for Indiana
Drike, Kristine
Genetti, A. Vincent
Sinha, Kumares C.
Innovative financing techniques can complement current methods of financing highway projects in Indiana. Annual federal apportionments and Indiana state revenues are not sufficient to maintain and improve state highways, so innovative approaches in transportation project financing should be sought. There are several available innovative financing techniques associated with the use of federal funds. Although, they do not provide new sources of revenue and cannot create enough funds for all identified projects, they provide flexibility in the use of available funds that can expedite the implementation of individual projects. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the major innovative financing techniques associated with federal funds, and their applicability for transportation projects in Indiana. The legal, financial, and operational issues of various alternatives were examined, and the economic impacts were investigated in terms of user benefits and debt service of the transportation agency. Possible revenue sources for debt service payment also were identified, and from a legal perspective, factors such as eligibility, authorization parties, and administration of financing assistance were addressed. Innovative financing techniques considered in the study include: the Test and Evaluation Project 045 (TE-045 program), Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle Bonds (GARVEE), the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), and the State Infrastructure Bank (SIB). Four actual INDOT projects were used as case studies in the analysis. The study provides a framework for the evaluation of the use of innovative financing techniques described in this report. With detailed project specific data project-by-project analysis can be done to find the optimal solution for individual project financing.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/16
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313139
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1487/viewcontent/jtrp16.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Highway financing
innovative financing
federal funds
Indiana State Highway Network
SPR-2467
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1488
2012-10-11T19:39:22Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Evaluation of Lane Closure Strategies for Interstate Work Zones
Pal, Raktim
Sinha, Kumares C.
A systematic procedure was developed in the present study that can be used to make a decision regarding the appropriate lane closure strategy at a particular interstate work zone. Four criteria were identified which influence such a decision, namely user travel time and vehicle operating cost, traffic control cost, safety, and contractors’ convenience. The influences of these criteria were aggregated using the Analytic Hierarchy Approach. The procedure developed in the present study is systematic in nature, simple to use and sensitive to the policy adopted by a transportation agency. A computer program, LANECLOSE, was developed which can be readily used to select the appropriate lane closure strategy.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/17
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313140
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1488/viewcontent/jtrp17.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
work zones
lane closure
safety
user cost
HPR-2074
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1489
2013-11-11T00:30:47Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Evaluation of the Strategic Highway Research Project Packing Handbook
Cox, Kenneth P.
Scholer, Charles F.
Cohen, Menashi D.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of the November 8, 1991 SHRP C-206 report entitled, “Packing Handbook – A Guide to the Optimal Gradation of Concrete Aggregates”. The purpose of the Packing Handbook is to determine the optimal combination of fine and coarse aggregates for concrete from available aggregate sources. Through the use of tables provided in the Packing Handbook, and given sources with known aggregate gradations and void contents, the relative proportion of each aggregate (coarse and fine) is obtained. Concretes made using the Packing Handbook recommendations of aggregate proportioning were compared to concretes used on various INDOT pavement projects. Field proportioned concretes were replicated in the laboratory. The only difference between field mixtures, the field mixtures replicated in the laboratory, and the Packing Handbook laboratory mixtures was the percent of coarse aggregate in the mixes. Other proportions were held constant, i.e. cement content, w/c*fa, and the use of admixtures. The Packing Handbook was evaluated based on the comparison of engineering properties of the field control mixtures and the Packing Handbook mixtures. Packing Handbook mixes were harsh and will achieve little or no cost reductions or quality improvements if implemented for field use. Copies of this document are available on CD-ROM from INDOT Division of Research, West Lafayette, IN.
1994-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/18
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313141
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1489/viewcontent/jtrp18.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
mix design
particle packing
aggregate
gradation
SHRP
DTFH-7192
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1490
2010-01-07T17:43:03Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Initial Evaluation of Design-Build Highway Projects Performed by the Indiana Department of Transportation
Tymvios, Nicholas
McCullouch, Bob G.
Sinha, Kumares C.
Design-Build has been an effective contracting method in the private and public arenas. Departments of Transportation have used this contracting method on various projects for a variety of reasons. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has used this contract delivery method on a few projects with mixed responses from those involved in the process. INDOT therefore felt that an evaluation of the Design-Build program was appropriate to determine its future use in Indiana. This report gives a historical perspective of Design-Build and how the program has been received and perceived by INDOT; describes the project’s survey and the data collected from the designer and contractor perspectives; relates the experiences of other Departments of Transportation with Design-Build; provides a somewhat limited comparison with the Design-Bid-Build approach; and makes recommendations for INDOT’s future Design-Build practices.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/19
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313142
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1490/viewcontent/SPR_2497.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
change orders
constructability
consultant
contractor
design-build
design-bid-build
designer
stipend
subcontractors
survey
SPR-2497
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1491
2012-10-11T20:34:15Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Integrated Transportation use Modeling System for Indiana
Yen, Andrew Ying-Ming
Fricker, Jon D.
The principle objective of this research was to develop an integrated model to represent the interrelationships between land use and transportation, subject to the requirements of the ISTEA of 1991 and the CAAA of 1990. The integrated model includes two major parts: a land-use allocation module and a travel demand module. An interface module has also been built to transform data between these two modules. The land-use allocation module consists of a residential location model, an employment location model, a land use potential model, and a land consumption model. One unique feature of the residential and employment location models is that they simultaneously estimate passenger movement by work-to-home, home-to-shop and work-to-shop trips between zones before entering the travel demand module. Then the TRANPLAN-based travel demand module carries out trip generation and trip distribution stages for estimating home-based school, home-based other, non-home-based, externalinternal and external-external trips. The land consumption model, which is significantly different from the LANCON procedure of DRAM/EMPAL, is based on micro-economic theory to simulate the profitmaximizing behavior of housing or land owners over time. The major purpose of the land consumption model is to satisfy the need to reach a balance between demand and supply in the housing market during each time period. The land consumption model is also influenced by Anas’s work in CATLAS, which did not deal with employment location, but simultaneously considers housing location and employment location. The integrated model can be used to evaluate land use policies and transportation policies. Tests run for the Lafayette area have demonstrated that the model can be used to quantify positive and negative effects of long range transportation and land use plans. The final report has two parts. Part I is the technical report that describes how the Indiana Transportation Land Use Modeling System (ITLUMS) was developed. Part II is a separate user's guide, which describes the FORTRAN programs that make up ITLUMS, the sequence in which the programs must be run, and the format of the input files needed by the ITLUMS programs.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/20
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313143
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1491/viewcontent/jtrp20.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
land use
travel demand
integrated models
land use allocation
land use potentials
HPR-2107
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1492
2012-10-11T19:39:53Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Integrated Transportation use Modeling System for Indiana; Implementation Report and User's Manual
Yen, Andrew Ying-Ming
Fricker, Jon D.
The principle objective of this research was to develop an integrated model to represent the interrelationships between land use and transportation, subject to the requirements of the ISTEA of 1991 and the CAAA of 1990. The integrated model includes two major parts: a land-use allocation module and a travel demand module. An interface module has also been built to transform data between these two modules. The land-use allocation module consists of a residential location model, an employment location model, a land use potential model, and a land consumption model. One unique feature of the residential and employment location models is that they simultaneously estimate passenger movement by work-to-home, home-to-shop and work-to-shop trips between zones before entering the travel demand module. Then the TRANPLAN-based travel demand module carries trip generation and trip distribution stages for estimating home-based school, home-based other, non-home-based, external-internal and external-external trips. The land consumption model, which is significantly different from the LANCON procedure of DRAM/EMPAL, is based on micro-economic theory to simulate the profit-maximizing behavior of housing or landowners over time. The major purpose of the land consumption model is to satisfy the need to reach a balance between demand and supply in the housing market during each time period. The land consumption model is also influenced by Anas’s work in CATLAS, which did not deal with employment location, but simultaneously considers housing location and employment location. The integrated model can be used to evaluate land use policies and transportation policies. Tests run for the Lafayette area have demonstrated that the model can be used to quantify positive and negative effects of long range transportation and land use plans. The final report has two parts. Part I is the technical report that describes how the Indiana Transportation Land Use Modeling System (ITLUMS) was developed. Part II is a separate user’s guide, which describes the FORTRAN programs that make up ITLUMS, the sequence in which the programs must be run, and the format of the input files needed by the ITLUMS programs.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/21
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313144
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1492/viewcontent/jtrp21.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
land use
travel demand
integrated models
land use allocation
land use potentials
HPR-2107
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1493
2012-10-11T19:39:55Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
An Investigation on Transversely Prestressed Concrete Bridge Decks
Ramirez, J. A.
Smith, Jhon Paul
This study is concerned with the development of design specifications for the use of transverse post-tensioning in concrete bridge decks. The ultimate goal behind this proposal is to improve the durability of concrete bridge superstructures. Experimental results from previous studies are used to validate the analytical models implemented in the development of the design specifications. It is found that the required distribution of transverse post-tensioning is such that different application levels of prestressing are required in regions containing the interior and exterior (or outermost) diaphragms. It is also concluded that the magnitude of such transverse forces is a function of the girder boundary conditions, the axial stiffness of the diaphragms, the skew angle of the deck, and the position of the diaphragms/stiffener with respect to the edge of the deck. Simplified design guidelines are developed for use in INDOT. Examples are included to illustrate the suggested methodology and to analytically validate its performance.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/22
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313145
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1493/viewcontent/jtrp22.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Bridge decks
post-tensioning
durability
design recommendations
design examples
SPR-2409
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1494
2012-10-11T19:39:56Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Analysis and Load Testing of Two Steel Through Truss Bridges in Indiana
Malone, Brian Joseph
Heffron, Mark A.
Ramirez, J. A.
White, Donald W.
Results of the load tests of two steel through truss bridges were used to evaluate the assumptions used by BARS for the rating of this type of bridge. Based on the results from this study it is recommended that the Indiana Department of Transportation use the load distribution factors in the 1994 LRFD Specifications in the rating of these bridges. This will imply replacing the load distribution factors currently in BARS. The implementation of the new distribution factors will result in a less conservative rating of the longitudinal beams in this type of bridge. The increase in the allowed moments for the girders may lead to the truss members controlling the rating of the bridge. The experimental results from this study show that the current methods and assumptions adequately predict the capacities of the truss members.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/23
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313146
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1494/viewcontent/jtrp23.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
structural performance
deflections
truss
bridge
load test
rating
HPR-2100
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1495
2020-10-12T22:05:47Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Asphalt Additives to Control Rutting and Cracking
McDaniel, Rebecca
Shah, Ayesha
This report presents the results of an investigation of the performance of a variety of materials added to asphalt binders and mixtures to change their properties, particularly with respect to rutting and cracking. The approach included a field trial of seven polymer and particulate modifiers, supplemented by laboratory characterization of the materials used in the field. The modifiers evaluated included PAC, Novophalt, Multigrade asphalt cement, polyester fibers, Neoprene, SBR and asphalt rubber. The field trial showed that different modifiers do yield different performance. Modifiers are not essential to ensure that the pavement will not rut. None of the mixtures evaluated here exhibited appreciable rutting. Dramatic differences were noted in the cracking behavior, however. Newly developed laboratory tests were able to identify binders that would be more prone to cracking. All of the materials evaluated did change the properties of the binders or mixtures in some way. Some of the modifiers, however, were more effective at modifying the properties to provide improved field performance in a cost effective manner.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/24
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313147
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1495/viewcontent/jtrp24.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Superpave
hot mix asphalt
rutting
cracking
modifiers
modified binders
binder testing
DTFH-7188
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1496
2012-10-11T19:43:53Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Asphalt Mix Design and performance
Badaruddin, Shakor Ramat
White, Thomas D.
Premature flexible pavement distress became a major concern in Indiana. As a result, a study was conducted investigating the major underlying factors. Pavement sections were investigated based on a factorial study with four factors comprised of climate, truck traffic, pavement base type, and wheel path. The distresses evaluated were rutting, thermal cracking and stripping. All were evaluated against control sections with zero distress. The pavement condition of each section was determined. Laboratory tests of field sample included physical properties, dynamic creep and recompaction. Results of the study indicate that the Asphalt Institute mix design criteria identify an asphalt content that is too high. In place densities were found to be inadequate and a recommendation was made to use higher field compactive effort. The USAE Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM) was used in laboratory studies to recompact density and air voids. Testing confirm that the in situ asphalt content was too high. Gap graded gradations were found to be prone to rutting. Benefit is shown in using dynamic modulus to evaluate mixtures. A statistical analysis method, discriminate analysis, was used to accurately predict mixture field performance using laboratory data.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/25
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313148
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1496/viewcontent/jtrp25.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
rutting
thermal cracking
stripping
dynamic creep
discriminant analysis
recompaction analysis
HPR-2013
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1497
2012-10-11T19:43:56Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Assessing and Updating INDOT's Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (2 volumes)
Labi, Samuel
Fricker, Jon
This study evaluates the existing resources and procedures of INDOT’s current traffic monitoring program, with the objective of transforming this program into a comprehensive Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS/H). Reliable traffic data is a valuable input for studies and decision-making at various levels and in various phases of highway management including planning and design, finance and taxation, legislation and safety. The nature and scope of the various components comprising a TMS/H for any state were identified in available literature such as the Federal Register and Traffic Monitoring Guide. A complete inventory of the existing resources (personnel and equipment) and procedures used for field data collection and office-based data processing were compiled and evaluated for adequacy and/or accuracy and appropriateness by matching them with requirements stated in available literature to ensure compliance with ISTEA recommendations. In general, the existing traffic monitoring program was found to be adequate in meeting the needs of most management systems, with the exception of vehicle classification monitoring at sections having ‘abnormal’ traffic conditions. For the Continuous Count program, a large number of additional classification ATR stations are recommended while very few additional WIM sites are needed. All HPMS sample sections and NHS segments are covered under the existing program, although a lack of resources sometimes limits the frequency of data collection. Also, a new schedule for coverage counts is proposed to place greater emphasis on NHS roads and high-growth areas of the state. A new database system is recommended to effectively address data management issues. Also, documentation of field operations and office factoring procedures was carried out in this study. With the recommendations from this study, INDOT intends to streamline its overall data collection activities and to improve the accuracy, adequacy, timeliness, and delivery of data to the end-users.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/26
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313149
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1497/viewcontent/jtrp26.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
traffic monitoring
management systems
highway performance monitoring system
continuous counts
coverage counts
national highway system
vehicle occupancy
database system
adjustment factors
HPR-0438
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1498
2013-11-11T00:44:44Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Automation and Standardization of Measuring Moisture Content and Density of Soil Using the Technique of Time Domain Reflectometry
Feng, Wei
Lin, Chih-Ping
Deschamps, Richard J.
Drnevich, Vincent P.
The methodology developed by Siddiqui and Drnevich (1995) for measuring soil water content and density using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) was extended for routine use in the quality control testing of compacted soils. The objectives of the study were to develop computer software to automate data interpretation and data reduction, develop prototype equipment for field use, compare the results of the TDR method with the sand cone and nuclear density methods on actual construction sites and develop draft specifications for ASTM and AASHTO. New prototype equipment was developed for compaction quality control testing. Waveform interpretation and data reduction were automated by incorporating developed algorithms into a WindowsTM based computer program that is used on a palm top computer connected to the TDR apparatus. Over 150 laboratory and field tests were performed to evaluate the TDR equipment and procedure for use in the determination of moisture content and density of compacted soil.Under field conditions it was shown that the TDR method is more accurate than the nuclear density gage in estimating water content when compared to oven drying, with standard errors of 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively. The ability to assess the accuracy of the TDR method for determining density was limited because the true density of the compacted soil is not known. The sand cone test was used as a basis for comparing the TDR and nuclear density tests on several sites while accepting that the sand cone test is not an exact method. The time required to perform the TDR test under field conditions is approximately 15 to 20 minutes. The sand cone test can also be performed in approximately 15 minutes, while the nuclear density test can be performed in approximately two minutes. The time required to complete the TDR test relative to the nuclear density test, is viewed as its greatest limitation. In general, the nuclear gage provides estimates of density and water content much more rapidly than the sand cone or TDR tests, is less accurate than the TDR test in estimating water content, and must be calibrated for a specific soil using sand cone tests. Moreover, the nuclear gage uses a hazardous source requiring operators to take safety training and leading to expenses associated with equipment maintenance and disposal. The sand cone test is time consuming, and can not provide estimates of water content. The TDR test is also time consuming, but does provide accurate estimates of water content. At the present stage of the research, the TDR test has not shown great advantage in the measurement of water content and density relative to the nuclear density test. However, progress is being made in the development of an approach to use other features of the reflected waveform, in addition to the apparent dielectric constant, within the interpretation process. It is anticipated that the additional information that can be obtained from the reflected waveform will allow a more accurate estimate of density to be obtained while eliminating the need to...
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/27
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313150
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1498/viewcontent/jtrp27.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
soils
water content
density
field compaction control
time domain reflectometry
dielectric constant
coaxial transmission lines
multiple rod probes
data automation
JHRP-018
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1500
2012-10-11T19:47:08Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Behavior of Concrete Bridge Decks and Slabs Reinforced with Epoxy Coated Steel
Hasan, Hendy Oetih
Ramirez, J. A.
Thirty-four slab specimens with splices and transverse steel were tested in the laboratory to evaluate the structural performance of concrete bridge decks reinforced with epoxy-coated steel. Thirty specimens were tested under fatigue loading, and four were tested monotonically. Evaluations were made by comparing the performance of uncoated bar concrete specimens with that of epoxy-coated specimens under service and ultimate load conditions. In addition, a field evaluation of six bridges was conducted to assess the in-service condition of concrete bridge decks reinforced with epoxy-coated steel in Indiana. The laboratory results indicated fewer but wider cracks in specimens with epoxy-coated reinforcement. No significant differences in the first cracking load were found between uncoated specimens and epoxy-coated specimens. The splitting crack load and failure load were lower for specimens with epoxy-coated steel. Deflections of epoxy-coated specimens were larger. The differences in crackwidth and deflection were reduced with repeated loading. The average bond ratios were 0.78 and 0.75 for repeated loading tests. No signs of corrosion were found in the epoxy-coated steel samples extracted from cores taken in the six bridges evaluated. Evaluation of the field data revealed that the combination of adequate concrete cover and epoxy-coated steel has provided a good corrosion protection to date. This evaluation included the first bridge in Indiana where epoxy-coated reinforcement was placed (Circa 1976).
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/29
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313152
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1500/viewcontent/jtrp29.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
structural performance
deflections
crack width and spacing
bond
bridge deck
epoxy-coated reinforcing steel
corrosion of reinforcing steel
HPR-2036
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1503
2013-11-11T02:16:00Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Borman Expressway ATMS Equipment Evaluation
Krogmeier, J. V.
Sinha, Kumares C.
Fitz, Michael P.
Peeta, Srinivas
Nof, Shimon Y.
An Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is under development in northern Indiana by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in conjunction with Hughes Transportation Management Systems. The study area comprises a sixteen mile segment of the heavily used Borman Expressway and its associated corridor; beginning at the Indiana/Illinois border and stretching east to the Indiana Toll Road interchange. The most important operational problem on the Borman is non-recurrent congestion, arising primarily through accidents and stalled vehicles. In order to mitigate the significant bottleneck delay problems due to non-recurrent congestion, INDOT is developing an ATMS for real-time incident detection and response on the Borman Expressway. INDOT has implemented a functional “mini” ATMS which incorporates small numbers of each of the components being considered for the future Borman ATMS, for validation and analysis of their capabilities. The prototype, or Phase I, encompasses three interchanges covering about three miles of the expressway. Phase I was designed and implemented to identify an architecture for Phase II ATMS can be developed using the basic Phase I architecture. However, experience with the Phase I system suggests certain issues must be addressed as the Phase II ATMS is planned.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/32
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313155
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1503/viewcontent/jtrp32.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ITS
ATMS
system architecture
INDOT
IVHS-9418
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1501
2013-11-11T00:45:12Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Beta Testing Implementation of the Purdue Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Method for Soil Water Content and Density Measurement
Drnevich, Vincent P.
Yu, Xiong
Lovell, Janet Elaine
The Purdue TDR method is a new technology for simultaneously measuring soil water content and dry density insitu. An ASTM standard for using TDR to measure soil water content and dry density based on Purdue TDR method was approved during the time span of this project and is designated ASTM D6780. The primary objective of this study was to take the Purdue TDR Method to the point where it is widely field tested by users on a broad spectrum of soils around the country. This goal was achieved by involving researchers at other universities and practitioners in federal and state agencies and in private practice firms. The results and feedback was obtained from Beta Partners by Purdue University for evaluation and further analysis. Major achievements in this research include: 1) Involvement of Beta Partners - Six Beta partners including two universities, two private firms and two state DOTs were involved in this project and instructions were provided to each Beta Partners. Involving these Beta partners provided a large span of field applications and research feedback. Results from testing performed were compared with existing technologies and provided the basis for the precision and bias statements needed for ASTM D6780. Based on feedback from extensive field tests, testing procedures were improved. Meanwhile, the testing equipment was refined and integrated, which made the testing system both more robust and easier to handle. The overall cost of the testing system has also been significantly reduced, which made it more economically competitive for mass production. 2) Testing automation - A new generation of electronics was identified and incorporated into the Purdue TDR test, the new TDR100 by Campbell Scientific, Inc. Corresponding software for automation was designed and systematically improved. This provided a user friendly interface and facilitated performance of TDR testing process. Preliminary feedback from using the computer software is satisfactory. The efforts and achievements on testing automation also built up the basis for a developing a more compact package in the future. 3) One step method for TDR testing - A simplified procedure to that described by ASTM D6780 to measure soil water content and dry density was discovered, which is an important product of this project. The simplified procedure is called the one-step method since it only requires one field TDR reading. The one-step method achieved this simplification by incorporating information of bulk electrical conductivity from TDR signal in addition to the apparent dielectric constant used by previous TDR test. A scheme to account for the difference between field conditions and laboratory situations was developed, which serves as the basis of the one step method. A simplified temperature compensation scheme was also designed which makes it possible for the one-step method to deal with complex field situations. Computer software was developed to automate the performance of one-step method in the field. TDR for non-conventional materials - The discoveries in developing the one step method as well as the advancement in software development significantly expanded the application domain of the TDR system. More potential new applications for TDR technology in civil engineering practice were identified. One of these is the application of TDR to non-conventional materials such as fly ash, lime stabilized soil and Portland cement concrete. The range of applications for the TDR technology developed in this research is ever broadening and will have significant impact in the future on the testing of civil engineering materials.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/30
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313153
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1501/viewcontent/jtrp30.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Time Domain Reflectometry
TDR
apparent dielectric constant
permittivity
conductivity
bulk electrical conductivity
soils
gravels
sands
silts
clays
water content
compaction
density
dry density
SPR-2489
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1504
2012-10-11T19:47:16Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Borman Expressway Point-to-Point Wireless Modem
Krogmeier, J. V.
Fitz, Michael P.
The Federal Highway Administration has a nationwide allocation of five frequency pairs in the 220-222 MHz Narrowband Radio Services band which are intended for application in Intelligent Transportation Systems. These frequencies are available for use by state DOTs (subject to FHWA approval) and provide an attractive solution for certain low to medium bit rate data communications applications. However, given the limited bandwidth available in these channels, very efficient modems will be required to make maximum beneficial use of this resource. The goal of this project was to design, field test, and deploy a digital radio which uses the 220-222 MHz spectral allocation and is suitable for stationary point-to-point data communications applications. The target application for this project was the control (pan, tilt, and zoom) of a video camera located at the interchange of I-65 and the Borman Expressway. The wireless link extends from the camera location to the traffic operations center (approximately 1.5 miles). There were three main tasks needed to produce a deployable modem: 1) interface circuitry was required between the 220 MHz modem and the camera control keypad and the camera pan/tilt/zoom receiver, 2) the fabrication of a compact and rugged transmitter was required, and 3) the fabrication of a compact and rugged receiver was required. The receiver size constraints were more exacting than those of the transmitter as the receiver is deployed in a roadside cabinet, while the transmitter is deployed in the traffic management center. The work plan was divided into a set of twelve tasks. The 220 MHz modem can serve INDOT as a general purpose link for low to medium rate data communications in a wide variety of applications. The most significant issue outstanding with regard to widespread implementation of the technology is the mass production cost and the availability of a reliable source of production versions of the device. Efforts are continuing at both Purdue and Ohio State toward further simplifications aimed at complexity reduction in the receiver. As topics for further study, the following should be considered: 1) a detailed cost/benefit analysis should be made comparing the 220 MHz technology to other alternative technologies, and 2) a preliminary design study of interoperability issues should be performed for the 220 MHz technology in transportation applications.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/33
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313156
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1504/viewcontent/jtrp33.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
wireless communication
ITS 220MHz allocation surveillance camera control
telemetry data transmission
SPR-2036
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1505
2012-10-11T19:47:18Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Building Embankments of Fly/Bottom Ash Mixtures
Karim, Ahmed M.K.
Lovell, C. W.
Salgado, Rodrigo
This research investigates the engineering properties of mixtures of bottom ash and Class F fly ash relevant to their utilization in highway embankment construction. The research included ash samples from two major power plants in Indiana that disposed of their ash differently. The first power plant disposes of the bottom ash and fly ash separately and hence explicit mixtures were synthetically formed and tested. The second power plant disposes of the bottom ash and fly ash together in a common location and hence they become homogeneous samples for the research. Characterization of the ash included grain size analysis, specific gravity, maximum and minimum density, in addition to microscopic investigation. The investigation of compaction behavior of a range of explicit and implicit mixtures was conducted at the standard energy effort. The effects of changing the mixture composition on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content were established. In order to study the effect of changing the mixture composition on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content were established. In order to study the effect of moisture content on penetration resistance, surface penetration tests were performed on the compacted samples. Beyond the optimum moisture content, the penetration resistance of the samples drops significantly, which suggests that the compaction can better be conducted dry of optimum. To control the compaction appropriately, the degree of compaction of a sample must be determined using a compaction curve for a mixture of similar gradation. Consolidation drained triaxial tests were performed on a range of explicit and implicit mixtures at three levels of confining pressures. For each mixture tested, two groups of samples were prepared, one at a relative compaction (R%) of 90% and the other at 95%. The results indicated the the drained shear strength depends on the mixture composition, the degree of compaction, and the confining pressure. Adequate shear strength and volumetric behavior was observed for the samples compacted at 95%. It was concluded that the shear strength of the ash mixtures is comparable to the shear strength of sandy soils. Discussion and recommendations regarding the stability of slopes of ash mixtures is included. Using the critical state angles is more feasible in the slope stability analysis in the case of embankments of implicit mixtures due to mixture variability.
1997-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/34
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313157
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1505/viewcontent/jtrp34.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bottom ash
fly ash
waste materials
highway materials
highway embankments
compaction
triaxial tests
shear strength
SPR-2115
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1507
2013-11-11T02:45:57Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Comparison of Various INDOT Testing Methods and Procedures to Quantify Variability in Measured Bituminous and Concrete Properties
Pellinen, Terhi K.
Weiss, W. Jason
Kuczek, Thomas
Dauksas, Geoffrey
This study was designed to analyze the variability associated with several test procedures used by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in their Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP), and superstructure concrete protocols. The aim of this work was to document the variability associated with each of these test procedures toward application of this information of the development of acceptance criteria, pay factors, and pay incentives and disincentives. The studied parameters for HMA production included the air void content and VMA of the gyratory compacted mixture, in-place density, binder (asphalt) content, aggregate bulk specific gravity and water absorption, bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture, and theoretical maximum specific gravity. The analysis of existing INDOT test data and additional Purdue laboratory study indicated that testing variation was within or only slightly above the (1s) AASHTO limits for testing variation. The production variation ranged from 50 to 85% of the total variation depending on the tested parameter. The quality characteristics related to the acceptance program for PCC pavements and superstructure, which were investigated in this study, were plastic air content, flexural strength, and pavement thickness. Aggregate moisture and bulk specific gravity properties were also studied to determine what variations might be expected from a particular source. In addition to the QC/QA properties, compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete were also studied. Based on the analysis of existing INDOT test data, it was found that all of the testing was within or only slightly above the (1s) AASHTO/ASTM testing variations. The production variation was found to range widely depending on the project. Overall, the study demonstrates that high quality testing is commonly performed in the state of Indiana and illustrates clear benefits of the technician certification programs and INDOT educational and training procedures.
2005-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/36
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313159
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1507/viewcontent/jtrp36.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
hot-mix asphalt
portland cement concrete pavement
superstructure concrete
plastic air content
flexural strength
pavement thickness
SPR-2645
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1509
2012-10-11T19:47:27Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Concrete Pavement Crack and Seat Performance Overlay Design
Huang, Haiming
White, Thomas D.
The objective of this study is to develop guidelines and criteria for design and construction of overlays on cracked and seated concrete pavements. The main factors which are investigated in this study include number of the seated roller pass, weight of seating roller pass, weight of seating roller, thickness of overlay, fiber content and fiber layer location. Eleven test sections were constructed on I-65 and twenty two test sections were constructed on US-31. An extensive investigation was conducted involving both field and laboratory testing. Field investigations included pavement condition survey and non destructive testing (NDT) of the pavements using FWD or Dynaflect. The laboratory investigation focused on physical property testing, complex modulus testing and fatigue testing. Three fiber extraction methods have been developed for this project. Preliminary test Results show good precision of these methods. These fiber extraction methods should be used in future projects. Deflection measurements can be used to determine the appropriate weight and drop height of the breaking head. The Guillotine breaker used in this project is effective in breaking PCC pavement. A 40 ton roller is recommended because the 50 ton roller apprears to “overwork” the crack concrete pavement. Roller passes have no significant effect on the maximum deflections. The optimum roller pass can not be determined exclusively based on the maximum deflections. One to three passes of a 40 ton pneumatic-tired roller is adequate when seating is needed to assure contact of cracked pavement pieces with the subgrade. Use of fiber and the fiber layer location do not have a significant effect on pavement strength in term of the maximum deflection. But use of fiber will delay the crack development. The least cracks were developed in the sections which have fiber in all three layers. It is recommended that fiber be used in all overlay layers. Overlay thickness has an important effect on the maximum deflections and the development of reflective cracks. General trends of crack development showed in the first two years. Cracked and seated sections have less cracks than non cracked and seated sections, with other conditions being the same. The general trends are not obvious after two years. Beams of 3x3 in. are recommended to be used for the flexural fatigue tests in the future due to small variability. Addition of fiber increase the fatigue life of overlay mixture. Composite samples with fiber (4.5 lb) have predicted fatigue life two times greater than those without fiber. Loading frequency and temperature have significant effects on dynamic modulus and phase angle of overlay mixture. The addition of fiber will change the viscoelastic properties of mixture.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/38
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313161
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1509/viewcontent/jtrp38.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
crack and seat
overlay design
fiber
reflective crack
deflection
condition survey
flexural fatigue test
complex modulus test
HPR-2041
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1508
2012-10-11T19:47:24Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Concrete Overlay as a Rehabilitation Option for Distressed Asphalt Pavements
Rajan, Sudarshan
Olek, J.
Ultra-thin Whitetopping (UTW) involves placing a very thin concrete overlay 50 mm to 100 mm thick (2”-4”) on the milled surface of a distressed asphalt pavement. To investigate the performance of UTW placed over a flexible pavement subjected to slow and heavy moving wheel loads, whitetopping mixes were placed over a milled pavement surface in the Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facility of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) Research Division in West Lafayette Indiana in the fall of 1999. The UTW installation experiment consisted of four test ‘lanes’ of two different thicknesses; each utilizing plain and fiber reinforced concrete. The test ‘lanes’ were instrumented using strain gages, Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs) and thermocouples to measure the strains, deflections, and to monitor the pavement temperatures respectively. The test ‘lanes’ were subjected to both static and dynamic tandem wheel loads of varying magnitudes. In addition, one of the test ‘lanes’ was also exposed to thermal load by applying a temperature gradient to the pavement. A mix design for the UTW was developed based on literature survey of previous UTW projects. The mechanical properties of concrete were evaluated in the laboratory before the UTW pavements were constructed at the APT facility. The pavements were monitored continuously during the testing period and the dynamic-load strains during the motion of the wheel, as well as the static strains due to the stationary wheel load were recorded. This data was analyzed to determine the maximum strains and their location, the degree of bonding between the UTW overlay and the underlying asphalt and the pavement performance under repeated loading. In addition, non-destructive test method was utilized to evaluate the pavement condition after the accelerated pavement testing was completed. In addition, cores obtained from the pavement were subjected to shear force to determine the quality of the bond. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed using a general finite element code, ABAQUS, to conduct an analysis of the response of the composite pavement to the wheel loads. The principal goal was to develop a simple and reliable model using reasonable geometry, boundary conditions and material properties, to verify the pavement response observed experimentally. No significant differences were found between the predicted and the experimental pavement response.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/37
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313160
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1508/viewcontent/jtrp37.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ultra-thin white topping
plain concrete
fiber reinforced concrete
strain
deflection
stress
repeated wheel loading
pavement
temperature gradient
finite element model
SPR-2340
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1506
2012-10-11T19:47:21Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Classification of Railroad Crossings in Indiana for Roughness
Williams, Thomas A.
The objective of this research was to determine if roughness data on railroad crossings could be extracted from INDOT’s road network database in order to determine the need and priority of repair projects. This “railroad roughness” was to be correlated to the general public’s perception of riding comfort by using the panel rating method. From this information a Railroad Crossing Index (RCI) would be developed so that the INDOT could search the database to generate a list of crossings that require repair and prioritize them. To calculate RCI four methods were proposed: 1. The first proposed method for generating RCI equates IRI and RCI. By this method the user would specify the distance over which the RCI (IRI) is calculated, from ten feet to 1/10 mile, centered around the crossing. 2. The second proposed method for generating RCI, was to calculate a difference in IRIs. This was to be done by generating an IRI for a section of road, including the railroad crossing data, then use the same raw data to generate a second IRI after “masking out” the railroad crossing data, and take the difference of the two. 3. The third method proposed for calculating RCI is similar to method one, but does not result in a standard IRI number. In addition to enabling the user to specify the distance over which the RCI is calculated (method 1), the user may also specify the ‘long wave’ parameter used in the IRI calculation. 4. The final method proposed for generating RCI uses a calculated elevation profile. The RCI is the summation of the absolute values of the change in height from a reference index and a moving average of data points surrounding the point under consideration. The repeated failure of the profiler’s computer system resulted in a series of delays and eventually to a complete revision of the computer system and software. During the revision of the software, several changes were made to put the system back in service after a lengthy period of downtime. Unfortunately, some of the changes that were made to the software had an adverse effect on the study. Due to the size of the sampling interval, locating the railroad-highway grade crossings in the data generated by the Department’s profiler was extremely difficult. This problem was compounded by the fact that the Department’s profiler uses a receiver-averaging board to generate a sensor footprint in the height measuring system. Therefore the resolution of the distinguishing features was so poor as to be almost unrecognizable. After locating the railroad-highway crossings in the data, and generating the RCI values for each crossing using the two remaining methods, the results were correlated to public perception of acceptable, or unacceptable, levels of roughness. A logistical regression analysis was performed on the data to see if enough probability of predicting the acceptability/unacceptability of roughness associated with railroad-highway grade crossings existed to validate either of the proposed methodologies for calculating RCI. Both of the remaining methods for calculating RCI failed to meet the minimum amount of probability necessary to validate either method. Also, due to the geometry of the construction of railroad-highway grade crossings, the roughness of the crossing itself is nearly impossible to distinguish from the roughness of the approaches. For this reason, it is unlikely that data collected from any current profiler would be able to provide results sufficient to generate a rating scale based on this technology.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/35
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313158
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1506/viewcontent/jtrp35.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
roughness
International Roughness Index
IRI
Railroad Crossing Index
RCI
resolution
sample interval
sensor footprint
attenuation
railgap
gauge spacing
rating panel
logistical regression
SPR-2128
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1472
2012-10-11T19:30:10Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
A Decision Support System for Real-Time Snow and Ice Control
Miedema, Hjalmar James
Wright, J. R.
Effective real-time snow and ice control operations require a timely initial call-out. A timely initial call-out is one that mobilizes the workforce slightly prior to the onset of hazardous road conditions. In order to estimate the onset of hazardous road conditions, the snow and ice control decision makers use available physical and meteorological information. New technologies are developed that could provide better information, thereby improving the ability to make timely initial call-outs. A systematic methodology for evaluating the benefit of additional information used in snow and ice control initiation is presented. The purposed methodology compares reduction in the direct and indirect costs of the call-out, attributable to the new information, to the cost of acquiring the information source. The methodology is implemented to evaluate road weather information systems for the Indiana Department of Transportation.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/1
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313124
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1472/viewcontent/jtrp1.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
winter maintenance
weather information
snow fighting
HPR-2102
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1529
2012-10-11T19:48:07Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Congestion Management System for Indiana
Whitford, Robert K.
Opsuth, Jennifer L.
This study details a procedure used in determinng links with deficiencies. A procedure was developed by means of which congestion on raodways links can be identified as being congested will be subjected to a more detailed study to determine extent, duration, and severity of congestion. The procedure was developed by the use of the Highway C apacity Manual (HCM) and the Indiana Department of Transportation's (INDOT) Road Inventory Data Base.
1997-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/58
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313181
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1529/viewcontent/jtrp58.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
congestion analysis
congestion identification
congestion management
transportation planning
HPR-0440
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1552
2012-10-11T19:48:58Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Environmental Bioassay Evaluation of Foundry Waste Residuals
Bastian, Kenneth Chad
Alleman, James E.
Although the constructive reuse of foundry residuals represents a decidedly beneficial goal with distinct economic and environmental benefits, potential end-users are nonetheless reluctant to use these residuals, given an inherent concern about potential unforeseen environmental liabilities. Results of foundry residual leachate characterization to date strongly suggest that many ferrous foundries are discarding sands whose quality is fully amenable to their future use with embankment construction and related high-volume highway development activities. In order to provide additional assurance as to the environmental impact of foundry residual reuse, the MicrotoxTM bioassay has been used to quantify the response of living organisms (e.g., the microorganism, Vibrio fischeri) to ferrous foundry residual leachates. This response has been compared with the response of the organism to “virgin” sands used in the foundry industry and as construction materials. Leachates from the majority of the ferrous foundries tested caused less inhibition of light production by the MicrotoxTM bacteria than did virgin sands. Taken literally, it appears that these sands are truly, “cleaner than dirt.” Furthermore, for those sands, no real differences were seen between system sands and fresh or aged waste sands. In a limited number of instances, however, there were clear and consistent indications that the tested waste foundry sands had released a contaminating toxin or toxins into the leachate waters, thereby resulting in a quantifiable depression in observed microbial activity. This innovative bioassay test appears to offer an efficient and expedient approach to ‘fingerprinting’ foundry locations for which constructive waste sand reuse could subsequently be pursued without undue concern about negative environmental impacts. Additionally, there appears to be a correlation between casting process (e.g., core binders, casting size, and casting temperature) and bacterial impact, such that foundries could potentially utilize bioassay response data in focusing pollution preventive efforts.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/81
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313204
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1552/viewcontent/jtrp81.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
waste foundry sand
core binders
greensand
bioassay
Microtox
waste reuse
environmental quality
leachate testing
highway construction
HPR-2006
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1515
2013-11-11T01:53:55Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Continuation of Research to Determine the Effectiveness of ITS on Borman Expressway
Jacko, Robert Bertram
Schneider, William H.
Soliman, Ahmed S.
Partridge, Barry K.
This study is a continuation and the final phase of the SPR-2338 project that involves monitoring the ambient air quality levels adjacent to the Borman Expressway. The purpose of this phase was to classify the traffic conditions along the Borman Expressway in terms of ambient air quality levels. The duration of the phase was from April 1, 2002 to April 30, 2004. The study has shown that, in a close proximity to the Borman Expressway, air quality levels mirror the dynamic nature of traffic along the Borman, despite being surrounded by major industrial stationary sources. Therefore, a descriptive model was developed in the form of a classification tree, which characterizes the impact of different Bormantraffic levels on the local ambient air quality. This tree contains 16 different traffic clusters and shows a 46% improvement in local air quality from the worst-case congestion levels along the Borman Expressway to the best-case ones.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/44
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313167
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1515/viewcontent/jtrp44.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ITS
Intelligent
Transportation
Systems
Environmental
Air Pollution
Database
PM2.5
CO
Fine
Particulate
Matter
Carbon
Monoxide
Borman
Expressway
Ambient Monitoring
SPR-2627
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1539
2013-11-13T17:22:08Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Closed Loop System Evaluation Equipment and Procedures
Nelson, Eric J.
Abbas, Montasir
Shoup, Gary E.
Bullock, Darcy M
Modern traffic control systems are complex entities whose performance should be thoroughly quantified prior to deployment. However, many of the advanced features available with this control equipment, such as preemption and real-time control strategies, are typically proprietary in nature, and therefore not incorporated into standard simulation models. Since it is not desirable for the engineer to learn in a field environment, under live traffic conditions, this research presents a rational procedure for evaluating and validating such control strategies in a laboratory setting. This document explores three aspects of traffic signal systems, which include the advanced control settings for single controller diamond interchanges, the impact evaluation of emergency vehicle preemption on signalized corridor operation, and an analysis of the more complex Traffic Responsive (TRP) control strategies available with the modern equipment. Each of these areas have been evaluated using quantitative data obtained from the CORSIM simulation model that communicates with the actual control equipment through the use of a Controller Interface Device (CID). The results for each of the study areas have been tabulated, plotted, and discussed. These case studies serve as models of how INDOT may want to request future traffic signal timing contracts to structure and present the performance of signal timing design alternatives.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/68
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313191
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1539/viewcontent/jtrp68.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
traffic signal controller
evaluation
hardware
simulation
SPR-2326
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1512
2012-10-11T19:47:34Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Construction Data Management 2000
McCullouch, Bob G.
Construction Data Management 2000 was a project designed to help guide INDOT into using emerging technologies to meet data management needs in the construction process. The landscape at INDOT has changed, having been shaped through the factors of increased workloads, a reduced number of employees, and increasing dependence on outside consultants to fill the needs. This has resulted in changing roles for INDOT employees creating differing data management needs. This project looked into this area, studied various answers, and is recommending solutions. This report describes the work performed and proposes recommendations with supporting documentation. The original project scope had the following activities: 1. Develop a Data Management Plan; 2. Analyze the AASHTO SiteManager System; 3. Define gaps within the SiteManager Software; 4. Design modules that work with SiteManager; 5. Perform a financial and operational analysis of various field data collection devices; 6. Determine teleconferencing opportunities; 7. Investigate the use of digital cameras; and, 8. Research the use of internet tools for managing site data. The majority of this was accomplished. One additional area in computer and web-based training was investigated and described. This approach will be new for the Department but is an effective approach for delivering training.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/41
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313164
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1512/viewcontent/jtrp41.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
videoconferencing
Earthwork
SiteManager
PDA
digital camera
Internet
web-based training
SPR-2192
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1511
2013-11-11T01:09:52Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Constructability, Maintainability, and Operability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bridge Deck Panels
Hastak, Makarand
Halpin, Daniel W.
Hong, TaeHoon
Recent advances in composite materials for civil engineering have created interesting possibilities for replacing conventional structural forms with components made out of fiber reinforced composite materials. Composite materials offer several advantages over conventional materials such as a superior strength/weight ratio, a better stiffness/weight ratio, a high degree of chemical inertness, and flexible custom design characteristics. Some of the potential down-stream benefits include lower life-cycle costs, lighter members, high corrosion and fatigue resistance, and higher live load capacity (Seible and Karbhari 1996). Composite materials are clearly having a major impact on how facilities are designed, constructed, and maintained. In order to enhance the application of fiber-reinforced composites in infrastructure renewal, it will be important to understand the constructability, maintainability and operability issues related to the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) structural components. The main objective of this project is to evaluate the constructability, maintainability and operability issues related to FRP bridge decks as compared to conventional deck construction. In order to achieve the objective, this research identified (i) the state of the art (research & development) and also state of practice of fabrication and use of composite bridge decks both in new bridges and in rehabilitation projects, (ii) issues related to constructability, maintainability, and operability of FRP bridge decks, fabrication issues, construction methods, quality, safety, man-hour requirements, cost and productivity issues, as well the skill level required, and (iii) determined the productivity, man-hour requirement, and system bottlenecks that were important for understanding the construction process and to develop construction guidelines for FRP bridge deck construction. The data required for this project were collected through questionnaire survey, interviews, and case studies.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/40
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313163
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1511/viewcontent/jtrp40.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
FRP bridge deck panels
construction simulation
constructability
maintainability
operability
construction guideline
SPR-2778
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1513
2012-10-11T19:47:35Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Construction of Tire Shreds Test Embankment
Salgado, Rodrigo
Yoon, Sungmin
Siddiki, Nayyar Zia
According to recent research, it is estimated that there are more than 500 million tires stockpiled across the United States, and 270 million more are generated each year. A significant number of tires are left in empty yards and even dumped illegally. Tires have characteristics that make them not easy to dispose, and potentially combustible. For these reasons, there is a strong need to find beneficial ways to recycle or reuse tires. Civil engineering applications constitute one of biggest markets for scrap tires. Tire shreds can be used as fill material, for example. The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using a mixture of tire shreds and soil as fill material for embankments on the basis of field instrumentation and tests. Successful construction and performance of tire shred embankments may promote using tire shred as fill material, with large benefits to society. The present research project consists of construction of test tire shred and soil embankment as well basic laboratory tests for material property characteristics and instrumentation of the embankment. The instrumentation includes settlement monitoring using settlement plates, vertical and horizontal inclinometer monitoring, temperature monitoring and groundwater quality analysis. The performance of the embankment is evaluated based on field instrumentation and visual observation.
2003-10-01T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/42
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313165
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1513/viewcontent/jtrp42.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
lightweight material
recycling
reuse
waste materials
tires
tire shreds
embankment
SPR-2360
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1514
2013-11-11T00:55:02Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Construction Work Zone Safety
Huebschman, Christopher Ryan
Garcia, Camilo
Bullock, Darcy M.
Abraham, Dulcy M.
The need of maintaining safety of motorists and workers during periods of construction activities on interstates has prompted the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to initiate a study aimed at improving the safety in work zones on rural interstates. The two main objectives of the project are 1) determine if active warning devices or improved signing have an impact in work zone safety and 2) determine if it is appropriate to consider temporary roads and bridges during construction activity on interstates in an effort to maintain two lanes open at all times. This report describes the methods used to meet the objectives set forth by INDOT. The report has been subdivided into four major parts. A review of current work zone practices was conducted in neighboring states and abroad, and is presented in the first part of the report. An evaluation of several traffic management technologies that are currently available for interstate work zones was performed. The goal of the evaluation was to determine the benefit INDOT would gain from using a technology of this type. The third part of the report presents the experimentation and testing conducted during the research project. This part discusses the accident data evaluation conducted in several interstate work zone projects in the state of Indiana. This portion of the report also presents the description of the test pilot project that included the deployment and evaluation of a series of fixed signs in conjunction with variable message signs in the I-65/US-30 reconstruction project near Merrillville, IN. The fourth part of the report covers the evaluation conducted to determine the feasibility of maintaining two lanes open at all times during work zones on interstates. An economic model was developed to provide INDOT with a preliminary tool for deciding if two lanes open should be maintained in a particular project. Along with the model is a case study that provides INDOT with an example of the staging required to complete the highway project in several seasons.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/43
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313166
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1514/viewcontent/jtrp43.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
work zones
work zone practices
traffic management technologies
accidents
work zone signs
speed study
travel time study
economic model
work zone capacity
SPR-2496
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1516
2012-10-11T19:47:40Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Contributions of PG Graded Asphalt to low Temperature Cracking Resistance of Pavement
Loh, Ssu-Wei
Olek, J.
The purpose of this research was to study and evaluate the role that asphalt binders play in the resistance of asphalt pavements to low temperature cracking. As part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) new specifications for asphalt binders were developed that are based on the performance of the material. The asphalt binder graded and specified according to these new performance-based specifications is called PG binder. These new specifications are commonly referred to as Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement) binder specifications. A section of Interstate 64 in southern Indiana was experiencing severe low temperature cracking before it was reconstructed over the summers of 1995 and 1996. The binder used in the new pavement mixes was PG material. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests, Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests, and viscosity tests were performed on this binder. Comparisons were made between test results obtained from the binders in the old pavement and the new pavement. All tests and comparisons were based on the Superpave binder specifications. A portion of this study involved a review of the extraction and recovery procedures used in the laboratories. Much of the asphalt used in this project had to be extracted from cores or pavement mixes, and it was important to ensure that the extraction and recovery process did not significantly change the properties of the material. Also, as a part of this research project, plans were developed for field monitoring of the temperature distribution within the pavement and its variation with time, in order to correlate these changes with pavement performance. Data generated during this monitoring program will be used in the future for validation of low temperature algorithms developed as a part of Superpave system.
1999-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/45
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313168
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1516/viewcontent/jtrp45.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
performance graded asphalt
low temperature cracking
extraction and recovery procedures
temperature algorithms and models
IDT testing
weather station
temperature sensors
SPR-2130
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1519
2012-10-11T19:47:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Debris Accumulation at Bridge Crossings: Laboratory and Field Studies
Lyn, Dennis A.
Cooper, Thomas J.
Yi, Yong-Kon
Sinha, Rahul N.
Rao, A. Ramachandra
Extensive accumulation of large woody debris at bridge piers poses a chronic and sometimes quite severe problem at several bridge crossings in Indiana. This study, involving both laboratory and field components, examines the factors contributing to the initiation and development of such debris piles. The laboratory study, performed in a rectangular channel with a single model pier (and in some cases with an upstream vertical cylinder modeling a debris deflector, as well as a model sand bar) and both dowels and twigs as model logs, considered the effects of velocity and depth. The experiments point to a stronger than might be expected effect of local depth, with the potential for debris accumulation generally greater when the local depth is smaller. The field study consisted of video monitoring and recording of debris-transporting events at two sites, the SR59 south crossing of the Eel River (in operation since 9/2001), and the SR63 southbound bridge over the Big Vermillion River (in operation since 4/2003). Results (images) during significant flow events have only been obtained at the SR59 site during the 2001/2002 season, and some qualitative conclusions can be drawn regarding the initiation and growth of debris piles in relation to significant flow events.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/48
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313171
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1519/viewcontent/jtrp48.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bridge hydraulics
debris accumulation
large woody debris
debris deflectors
SPR-2478
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1521
2012-10-11T19:47:51Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Design of Durable Concrete Railroad Crossings
Lamanna, Anthony J.
Scholer, Charles F.
Existing precast concrete railroad crossings in the state of Indiana are experiencing too short a life expectancy. This study proposes methods that can be used to produce durable concrete railroad crossings with satisfactory rideability, durability, and longevity. Thirty-two precast concrete railroad crossings were visited in central and northern Indiana. Failures were determined to belong to three major categories: structural capacity causes, environmental causes, and material property causes. A concrete mix was evaluated at three different polyolefin fiber contents and without fibers. Beams were tested in flexure, and modulus of rupture and first crack deflection were recorded for each beam. Cylinders were cast for compressive testing and splitting tensile testing. Modulus of rupture was increased by the addition of fibers. The spread in data was observed to increase with an increase in fiber content. Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were increased slightly by the addition of fibers. Panels are currently being produced that utilize post tensioning. These panels are less likely to crack under extreme loading conditions. If a crack forms, it closes upon removal of the load.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/50
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313173
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1521/viewcontent/jtrp50.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Concrete
railroad
durability
flexural strength
compressive strength
split tensile strength
precast
fibers
SPR-2146
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1518
2013-07-22T14:45:08Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Damage Analysis of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements in Indiana, Part I: Finite Element Modeling and Damage Analysis, Part II: INDISLAB, A Software Tool for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement Design
Sotelino, Elisa D.
Asgari, Alireza
Saksa, Andrew C.
Cedeno, Guillermo
Current design procedures for concrete pavements do not account for several factors that can influence their service life. In this work, these factors are investigated and the findings are integrated into a procedure for better predicting longterm performance of concrete pavements. To achieve this, sophisticated finite element techniques are employed and parametric studies are performed. The findings are then integrated into a nonlinear procedure for damage accumulation. In the development of the comprehensive 3D Finite Element (FE) model several issues are studied including the geometry of the model, mesh refinement, element selection, interaction between pavement components, and loading simulation. The developed model is then used in a number of parametric studies to investigate the effect of soil conditions, subbase and slab thickness, and slab length and stiffness on the developed stresses. Among other findings, it is established that for a given slab length, increasing the slab thickness beyond a certain limit is not justifiable. The developed FE model is also used to investigate the behavior of skewed concrete pavement slabs under several loading conditions. In particular, the crack patterns obtained from the FE analyses are compared to those observed in an actual skewed concrete pavement. It is found that the developed FE model is able to successfully predict the cause and orientation of the failure of this pavement section. An investigation of various existing fatigue equations is also carried out and a software tool is developed to perform both linear and nonlinear damage accumulation calculations. A case study of an pavement section on Interstate 70, which has failed prematurely, is created using the previously developed finite element techniques. The resulting stresses from the finite element analyses under various loading conditions are then used in the damage analysis of the pavement section. It is predicted that, irrespective of how the damage is accumulated, the pavement should have failed at an early age. Nonlinear damage accumulation predicted that the failure would occur at an earlier age than linear damage accumulation, which is consistent with the observed behavior of the pavement section.
2005-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/47
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313170
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1518/viewcontent/jtrp47.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
concrete pavement
finite element analysis
damage
SPR-2643
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1523
2013-11-11T02:09:44Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Determination of Practical ESALs Per Truck Values on Indiana Roads
Gulen, Sedat
Nagle, John
Weaver, John
Gallivan, Victor Lee
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has been using ESAL (Equivalent Single Axle Load) values for pavement design. The current ESAL values were obtained in the late 1970. However, truck deregulation and higher allowable maximum loads have increased the 1970's values. Updated ESAL values are needed for better road designs. The 1998 and 1999 traffic data from the all Weight-in-Motion (WIM) stations were obtained and used to compute updated ESAL values for multiple unit trucks (Class 9/F-9) and single unit trucks (Class 5, 6 and 7). Statistical analyses indicated that average ESAL values for 1998 and 1999 are statistically the same, but the average ESAL values for interstates roads and non-interstates roads are not all statistically the same. Some WIM stations were deleted for definite calibration problems. Due to other calibration deficiencies, the data was refined before final ESAL computations. Then the following ESAL values were computed and recommended to be used for future INDOT road designs: For Multiple Unit Trucks (Class 9): a) 1.3 ESAL/Truck for flexible pavements b) 2.0 ESAL/Truck for rigid pavements For Single Unit Trucks (Class 5, 6 & 7): a) 0.6 ESAL/Truck for flexible pavements b) 0.9 ESAL/Truck for rigid pavements
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/52
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313175
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1523/viewcontent/jtrp52.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ESAL
Equivalent Single Axle Loads
Pavement Design
WIM
SPR-2331
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1520
2012-10-11T19:47:48Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Design Guidelines for Deploying Closed Loop Systems
Nichols, Andrew P.
Bullock, Darcy M.
Closed loop systems are becoming the preferred method of operating coordinated traffic signal systems. Some of the benefits of a closed loop system include remote controller access, synchronization of controller time clocks, and orderly transition between coordination plans. With ensured time clock synchronization, the coordination of traffic signals becomes more reliable, which leads to optimal vehicle progression through the system. However, due to the complexity and relative infrequent implementation in more rural districts of closed loop systems, it is very difficult to obtain a successful deployment. This manual provides a step-by-step procedure for designing the parameters, implementing, testing, and field tuning closed loop systems. The procedure is described for an example closed loop system consisting of five intersections in West Lafayette, Indiana. The guidelines for the design of signal timing parameters will serve as a manual for all Indiana Department of Transportation districts. Detailed configuration procedures are provided for Econlite and Peek controllers, as well as their respective management software packages. Also included in the implementation procedure are instructions for interconnecting the controllers and establishing communication between the controllers. The testing procedure described in this manual is a hardware-in-the-loop simulation, which uses a controller interface device (CID) in conjunction with CORSIM software. Field tuning practices are documented for detectors, timing parameters, and coordination plans.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/49
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313172
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1520/viewcontent/jtrp49.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
traffic signal controller
closed loop system
signal timing calculations
hardware-in-the-loop simulation
field tuning
implementation
SPR-2390
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1522
2012-10-11T19:47:53Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Design of MSE Walls for Fully Saturated Conditions
Bobet, Antonio
The current design of MSE walls, which is based on limit state analysis, does not apply to undrained conditions. Laboratory and numerical pullout tests are performed to determine the relation between drained and undrained pullout capacities for different soil types (clean sand, 5, 10, 15 and 35 % silty sand), overburden pressures (30, 100 and 200 kPa), and scale and permeability effects in the dissipation of excess pore pressures. The results of the pullout tests show that both drained and undrained pullout capacities change as silt content changes since the pullout capacity increases as the internal friction angle of the soil increases. It is also observed that the pullout capacity increases as the overburden pressure increases. Undrained conditions significantly reduce the pullout capacity as much as 50%. This is caused by the generation of excess pore pressures in the soil under rapid loading which decrease the effective stress at the soil-reinforcement interface. The magnitude of the pullout reduction is related to the permeability of the soil since for large permeabilities the dissipation of excess pore pressures is very rapid and no reduction in pullout is produced; in contrast for low permeabilities the dissipation of excess pore pressures is slower than the rate of pullout and thus a reduction occurs. This is confirmed by the experiments that show no reduction in pullout capacity for clean sand, and a large reduction for silty sands. The ratio of undrained to drained pullout capacity changes with silt content and overburden pressure; for 100 and 200 kPa overburden pressure, the ratio is 1.0 for clean sand, 0.67~0.69 for 5 % silty sand, 0.77~0.78 for 10 %, 0.72~0.73 for 15 %, and 0.57~0.59 for 35 % silty sand. For 30 kPa overburden pressure, the ratio is 1.0 for clean sand, 0.5 for 5 % silty sand, 0.67 for 10 %, 0.78 for 15 %, and 0.72 for 35 % silty sand. It is observed in the numerical analyses that the dissipation of pore pressures is very rapid for permeabilities larger than 10-2 cm/sec, and significantly slow for permeabilities smaller than 10-3 cm/sec. Scale effects are extremely important since as the length of the reinforcement increases the time for pore pressures to dissipates increases.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/51
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313174
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1522/viewcontent/jtrp51.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Mechanically Stabilized Earth
drained
pullout box
pullout capacity
saturation
silty sand
soil reinforcement
undrained
SPR-2405
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1524
2013-11-11T01:37:22Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development and Application of Linear Scheduling Techniques to Highway Construction Projects
Harmelink, D. J.
Yamin, Rene Antonio
Crucial to the successful outcome of major highway construction and reconstruction projects today is the ability to accurately plan, predict and control the construction process. Evermore sensitive to budget control, schedule control, resource allocation and impacts on the motoring public, highway constructors today require sophisticated project management tools to achieve project goals. One of the tools recently being used across the country is project scheduling. The use of scheduling techniques on highway projects has grown out of the successful application of these methods to building construction for the past 20 to 30 years. Unfortunately, the effective application of traditional scheduling techniques to highway construction has been limited because major highway construction project activities are fundamentally different than those typically found on a building project. Major work activities on typical highway construction/rehabilitation projects are linear activities. Unfortunately, currently accepted scheduling techniques (Critical Path Method and bar charts) are unable to accurately model projects consisting primarily of linear work. Contractors and transportation officials are increasingly frustrated with CPM’s inability to provide relevant planning and project management information. A recently rediscovered technique called Linear Scheduling coupled with advances in computer technology and software has the potential to provide significant advancement to highway construction project scheduling and management. Further research is necessary however, to advance the underdeveloped Linear Scheduling technique to the point of actual implementation. A method of producing linear schedules for use in planning and managing suitable highway construction projects, is provided. The ultimate product of this research is a Linear Scheduling Tool (PULSS – Purdue University Linear Scheduling Software) comprised of methods, procedures and software tools that allow for implementation of the Linear Scheduling Method. Furthermore, this software is able to: o Allow schedulers to visually plan highway construction projects o Calculate the controlling activity path of such schedules o Be able to print reports of the status of the schedule
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/53
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313176
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1524/viewcontent/jtrp53.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
highway construction
project management
project control
linear projects
linear scheduling
software application
SPR-2330
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1525
2012-10-11T19:47:57Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development and Evaluation of Cement-Based Materials for Repair of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Liu, Rongtang
Olek, J.
In this study, the results of an extensive laboratory investigation conducted to evaluate the properties of concrete mixes used as patching materials to repair reinforced concrete slabs damaged by corrosion are reported. Seven special concrete mixes containing various combinations of chemical or mineral admixtures were developed and used as a patching material to improve the durability of the repaired slabs. Physical and mechanical properties of these mixes, such as compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and shrinkage were evaluated. Durability-related parameters investigated included resistance of concrete to penetration of chloride ions and freeze-thaw resistance. The results generated during this research indicated that chemical and mineral admixtures improved physical, mechanical, and durability properties of repair concrete. In addition, the ability of various repair mixes to reduce the progress of corrosion was monitored using half-cell potential, polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Half-cell potential measurements provided information about the possibility of corrosion taking place on the steel surface. Polarization resistance measurements were used to determine the corrosion current density, and provided a quantitative estimation of the corrosion rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to monitor the corrosion rate, the change in resistivity of concrete, and change in polarization resistance. The results obtained from 21 reinforced concrete slabs exposed to cycles of wetting and drying indicated that both organic corrosion inhibitor and calcium nitrite (anodic corrosion inhibitor) delayed the initiation of active corrosion on the steel surface. Silica fume concrete, fly ash concrete, latex modified concrete, and concrete with shrinkage reducing admixture had low permeability and high resistivity. These properties improved the durability of repaired slabs either by delaying the initiation of active corrosion or by reducing the corrosion rate.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/54
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313177
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1525/viewcontent/jtrp54.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
corrosion
rehabilitation
concrete
durability
reinforcing steel
bridge deck
chloride ion
corrosion rate
polarization resistance
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
SPR-2141
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1526
2015-06-30T12:38:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a 3-D Finite Element Program for Pavement Analysis, Volume 2: Appendix 2
Nilaward, Tatsaba
Shih, Chiang
White, Thomas D.
Ting, E. C.
A three dimensional finite element program is developed for the analysis of pavement systems. An explicit approach of the finite element analysis is adopted. This approach results in a vector formulation of the equation of motion. Large displacement is considered through the use of a co-rotational approach which considers small deformations and large rotations of the elements. For the convenience of application a two dimensional finite element program is also developed. An eight-node isoperimetric solid element is used for the three dimensional analysis, and a four-node element for the two dimensional analysis. Loading conditions are verified for static ramp and step loadings, sinusoidal loadings, prescribed ground acceleration input, and pulse input. The material library is verified for linear elastic materials, elastic-plastic materials with Mises or Drucker-Prager criteria and assuming associated or non-associated flow rules, and a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. Three hardening rules are implemented, namely the kinematical hardening, isotropic hardening, and mixed type. Available analytical data and comparison studies by using ANSYS serve as the basis for the verification.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/55
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313178
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1526/viewcontent/jtrp55.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
pavement
computer
software finite element
material model
HPR-2073
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1527
2015-06-30T12:39:52Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a 3-D Finite Element Program for Pavement Analysis, Volume 3: Appendix 3
Nilaward, Tatsaba
Shih, Chiang
White, Thomas D.
Ting, E. C.
A three dimensional finite element program is developed for the analysis of pavement systems. An explicit approach of the finite element analysis is adopted. This approach results in a vector formulation of the equation of motion. Large displacement is considered through the use of a co-rotational approach which considers small deformations and large rotations of the elements. For the convenience of application a two dimensional finite element program is also developed. An eight-node isoperimetric solid element is used for the three dimensional analysis, and a four-node element for the two dimensional analysis. Loading conditions are verified for static ramp and step loadings, sinusoidal loadings, prescribed ground acceleration input, and pulse input. The material library is verified for linear elastic materials, elastic-plastic materials with Mises or Drucker-Prager criteria and assuming associated or non-associated flow rules, and a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. Three hardening rules are implemented, namely the kinematical hardening, isotropic hardening, and mixed type. Available analytical data and comparison studies by using ANSYS serve as the basis for the verification.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/56
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313179
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1527/viewcontent/jtrp56.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
pavement
computer
software finite element
material model
HPR-2073
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1528
2012-10-11T19:48:03Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a 3-D Finite Element Program for Pavement Analysis, Volume I: Introduction and Appendix 1
Nilaward, Tatsaba
Shih, Chiang
White, Thomas D.
Ting, E. C.
A three dimensional finite element program is developed for the analysis of pavement systems. An explicit approach of the finite element analysis is adopted. This approach results in a vector formulation of the equation of motion. Large displacement is considered through the use of a co-rotational approach which considers small deformations and large rotations of the elements. For the convenience of application a two dimensional finite element program is also developed. An eight-node ¶metric solid element is used for the three dimensional analysis, and a four-node element for the two dimensional analysis. Loading conditions are verified for static ramp and step loadings, sinusoidal loadings, prescribed ground acceleration input, and pulse input. The material library is verified for linear elastic materials, elastic-plastic materials with h&es or Drucker-Prager criteria and assuming associated or non-associated flow rules, and a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. Three hardening rules are implemented, namely the kinematical hardening, isotropic hardening, and the mixed type. Available analytical data and comparison studies by using ANSYS serve as the basis for the verification.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/57
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313180
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1528/viewcontent/jtrp57.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
pavement
computer
software finite element
material model
HPR-2073
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1530
2012-10-11T19:48:11Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Database and System for Analyzing the Actual and Potential Impacts on the Environment of Existing and Planned INDOT Sites
Corson, Lynn A.
The objectives of this research were: 1. to identify the source, character, currency and format of environmental, ecological, geological and other data for each existing facility site and organize it in a “hard copy” and/or computerized framework to aid the prioritization and planning process for facility upgrades to protect the environment, for regulatory compliance, and for potential replacement or relocation of existing sites; 2. to identify and assess the criteria currently employed by INDOT to select locations for new and/or relocated facilities, including the ASTM Phase I and II Environmental Site Assessment criteria, and to recommend additional criteria including those required to mitigate potential environmental impacts at new sites, if necessary; 3.-4. to recommend Best Management Practices for implementation at existing sites to protect the environment and for new facilities sited at locations where potential environmental impacts exist, and to provide cost estimates of Best Management Practices involving engineering upgrades for existing and new facilities; 5. to recommend procedures and policies for decommissioning facilities prior to their closure and relocation. The research entailed a review of available GIS databases from all government, institutional and private sources and the preparation of specific GIS maps depicting locations of INDOT facilities and highways and the publication of a directory and CD-ROM for use by INDOT staff. The GIS database investigation identified nine environmental sensitivity criteria that could be used to prioritize facilities relative to the potential threat they pose to the surrounding environment. The study included a thorough investigation of the literature concerning best management practices (BMPs) for control of storm water. A CD-ROM was prepared which included documents from 23 public, institutional and private sources and their hyperlinks. The study concludes with an analysis of the ASTM Phase I and II Standards for Environmental Site Assessments and the recommendation of the RISC Investigation Report format to supplement the use of Phase I and II for assessment of future facility sites and prior to closing existing facilities.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/59
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313182
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1530/viewcontent/jtrp59.pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1530/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/Stormwater_BMP.iso
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1530/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/GIS_Directory_Tr.7z
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
GIS
environmental sensitivity
salt operations
washwater
POTW
WWTP
shop floor drains
motor vehicle fluids
storm water
BMPs
MS4s
storm water controls
decommissioning
site selection
facility closing
SPR-2458
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1531
2012-10-11T19:48:13Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Decision Support System for Selection of Trenchless Technologies to Minimize Impact of Utility Construction on Roadways
Abraham, Dulcy M.
Baik, Hyeon-Shik
Gokhale, Sanjiv B.
The need to replace deteriorating underground utility infrastructure and to expand utility services, increases the need for utility conduits to intersect roadways. Open-trench method is currently the most widely used method for installation of underground pipelines and conduits of all sizes. However, open-cut construction has several shortcomings, chief amongst which are: health and safety concerns of workers, surface disturbance, disruption to vehicular/pedestrian traffic and reduction of pavement life. Today, other cost-effective alternatives exist to traditional open-trench construction. These methods are categorized as "Trenchless Technologies" as they require minimum trenching (excavation). While the benefits of trenchless technology are quite apparent when compared to the conventional open-cut process, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the suitability and appropriateness of trenchless technologies on a project-by-project basis through due consideration of site conditions such as, access, right-of-way, geotechnical conditions, etc. Unfortunately, this is not always done due to the lack of a proper evaluation tool that takes into account all the project-specific criteria in a systematic fashion. Consequently, in some instances, the improper use of trenchless technologies has resulted in failures such as heaving or subsidence of the pavement damage to nearby utilities and facilities; and even fatalities. The primary objectives of this study included the following: a) Development of a Decision Support System for the selection and performance of trenchless technologies for the installation of conduits under roadways: b) Development of specifications for selected trenchless construction methods: c) Development of a multimedia educational tool to train INDOT engineers. All these objectives were accomplished. The deployment of the specifications and tools developed as part of this study will be undertaken by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT).
2007-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/60
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313183
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1531/viewcontent/jtrp60.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
trenchless technologies
auger boring
microtunneling
pipe ramming
pipe jacking
horizontal directional drilling
pilot tube microtunneling
specifications
decision support system
multimedia educational tool
SPR-2453
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1532
2013-11-11T02:10:19Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Highway Safety Management System for Indiana: Phase 1
Farooq, Omar
Sinha, Kumares C.
Nagle, John
James, Dwayne Stanley
Jiang, Yi
This report presents the work plan for the development of a highway safety management system for Indiana. It identifies major activities and responsibilities for the development and implementation of a formal, statewide, interactive safety decision-making process. The safety management system of Indiana is perceived as a continuous process of considering all opportunities to improve highway safety in all phases of highway planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation. The primary emphasis is on coordination of activities at various levels and on the development of a common information data base that can be used for selecting and implementing effective highway safety strategies and projects.
1994-12-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/61
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313184
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1532/viewcontent/jtrp61.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
safety management
HPR-2088
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1534
2018-11-30T16:34:13Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Procedure to Identify Aggregates for Bituminous Surfaces in Indiana
West, Terry R.
Cho, Kyu H.
Adequate friction resistance is needed to prevent pavement slipperiness allowing vehicles to stop in a reasonable distance. For stone mastic asphalt surfaces, friction resistance is mainly a function of the interaction between the aggregates exposed at the road surface and vehicle tires. Aggregate performance is reduced with time by wear and polishing as a consequence of vehicular traffic. In this research a method to investigate performance based on physical, chemical and petrographic factors has been evaluated. The objective was to develop a laboratory method to test Indiana dolomite, limestone, sandstone, and gravel aggregates to predict friction resistance in the field and determine causes for the range of values among these aggregates. Assessment of gravel sources was based on individual rock types and their proportions comprising the gravel. Initial friction Values (IFV) and Polished Values (PV) were determined in the laboratory with the British Wheel and Pendulum test and field values obtained from the towed friction trailer. For two laboratories involved a significant difference in IFV and PV was obtained so that further verification is required. Correlations between parameters were established which provide predictions of friction resistance based on laboratory specimens. A database of physical and chemical properties should be collected on aggregates used or considered for bituminous wearing courses. This includes the testing required for Class A aggregates plus elemental Mg and elemental Ca content.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/63
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313186
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1534/viewcontent/New_SPR_2206_for_EPUBS.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bituminous surfaces
friction resistance
dolomite
limestone
SPR-2206
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1535
2012-10-11T19:48:20Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Procedure to Identify Aggregates for Bituminous Surfaces in Indiana
Bruner, Douglas W.
Choi, Jung Chan
West, Terry R.
Adequate friction resistance is needed to prevent pavement slipperiness and to allow vehicles to stop in a reasonable distance. In stone mastic asphalt surfaces, friction resistance is mainly a function of the interaction between the aggregates exposed at the road surface and the vehicle tires. Performance of the aggregate is reduced over time by wear and polishing as a consequence of vehicular traffic. In this research a method to investigate aggregate performance based on physical, chemical and petrographic factors has been evaluated. The objective was to develop a laboratory method to test Indiana dolomite, limestone, sandstone, and gravel aggregates to predict field performance, and determine causes for the range of values among these aggregates. The assessment of gravel sources was primarily on the basis of individual rock types and those proportions comprising the gravel. Polish and friction values were determined in the laboratory with the British Wheel and Pendulum, and field values with the towed friction trailer. Correlations between parameters were established which provide predictions of friction resistance based on laboratory specimens. Further refinement is required to set performance Specifications for in-situ aggregate selection.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/64
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313187
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1535/viewcontent/jtrp64.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bituminous overlays
friction resistance
texture
petrography
HPR-2082
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1536
2012-10-11T19:48:24Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Strategy for Compliance with EPA and OSHA Regulation Application to INDOT Facilities
Corson, Lynn A.
Between March 1990 and November 1992, a sample of 27 field and support facilities operated by the Indiana Department of Transportation were visited by staff of the Environmental Management and education Program, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, for the purpose of conducting workplace assessments to ascertain the department’s compliance with federal and state environmental and worker protection regulations. Thirty-eight different department operations and nine different employee functions were observed and analyzed. There were compliance areas at every facility visited which needed strengthening. A total of 222 recommendations for strengthening those areas are included in the research report. The department has implemented or has made plans to implement most of the recommendations concerning environmental compliance areas. The same is expected with regard to the occupational safety and health compliance areas.
1994-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/65
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313188
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1536/viewcontent/jtrp65.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
HPR-2040
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1538
2012-10-11T19:48:28Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Annual Permit Procedure for Overweight Trucks on Indiana Highways
Whitford, Robert K.
Moffett, David P.
Overweight truck permitting in Indiana is presently done on a per trip basis. This study evaluated alternatives to each trip having to make a call to the INDOT permit office to gain a permit. The study was originally requested by the Indiana State Legislature under P.L. 122-1993 section 7 in response to delays in getting permits. The report’s six chapters are 1. Introduction and Summary 2. Review of Other States’ Permitting Systems 3. Framework for Policy Evaluation 4. Permits for Michigan Truck-Trains 5. Overweight and Overweight/Oversized Trucks 6. Implementation Suggestions – PLUS -- 7. Appendices. A Michigan Truck-Train is a special dual-trailer configuration permitted for only one short “Extra Heavy Duty Highway” in northern Indiana. The report presents a methodology for evaluating various possible alternatives and then does that evaluation. It suggests that the per-call basis is fundamentally the correct mechanism, but that the present implementation of per-call permitting needs some improvements. Some suggestions are offered for those improvements.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/67
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313190
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1538/viewcontent/jtrp67.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
overweight truck permitting
permit system evaluation
SPR-2112
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1540
2013-11-13T17:17:39Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Improved Pavement Performance Prediction Models for the Indiana Pavement Management System
Gulen, Sedat
Zhu, Karen
Weaver, John
Shan, Jie
Flora, William F.
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is increasingly committed to the Pavement Management System. For this reason, updated simple pavement performance prediction models with the least number of explanatory (independent) variables are required to predict the performance of various pavement types for future planning of rehabilitation or replacement. In Indiana, the two main pavement types are jointed concrete pavement (JCP) and bituminous pavement (BIT). 1999 and 2000 year data were used to develop regression models for different pavement types for the Interstate and Non- Interstate Roads systems. The International Roughness Index (IRI), in inches per mile, was mainly used for dependent variables while the age (AGE) of pavement and the current average annual daily traffic (AADT) were used as independent variables in best model searching. The data from the road test sections, which were randomly selected for this study, did not yield statistically strong pavement performance prediction models more probably due to non-uniform construction and foundation of the test sections. However, a few f the following regression models with R2 close or higher than 0.50 were obtained and listed in the text for use by the INDOT. IRI=43+1.8*AGE+0.0004*AADT for Flexible pavements on Interstate Roads, R2 =0.70. IRI=65+1.9*AGE+0.0003*AADT for Jointed Concrete pavements (JCP) on Interstate Roads, R2 =0.50. IRI=37+10.4*AGE+0.0002*AADT for Thin Overlay pavements on Interstate Roads, R2 =0.34. IRI=65+8.1*AGE+0.0009*AADT for Overlay pavements on Non-Interstate Roads, R2 =0.90. IRI=93+1.1*AGE+0.0012*AADT for Jointed Concrete pavements (JCP) on Non-Interstate Roads, R2 =0.27. IRI=64+4.0*AGE+0.0008*AADT for asphalt pavements on Non-Interstate Roads, R2 =0.30. The rutting is recommended to be used as safety factors along with the pavement prediction models
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/69
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313192
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1540/viewcontent/jtrp69.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
performance models
pavement management
rehabilitation
IRI
rutting
SPR-2403
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1541
2013-01-30T22:44:01Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Indiana's SPS9-A Site
Shah, Ayesha
Olek, J.
The Superpave system for hot mix asphalt (HMA) design was introduced in 1995 and adopted throughout most of the USA by 2000. This system uses performance-oriented approach to materials selection and mix design, and takes into account the local environmental and traffic conditions. It recognizes that the behavior of HMA depends on the temperature, loading and aging conditions and provides tools (in the form of materials selection and performance-related tests) that should help to protect pavements against low-temperature cracking, rutting and fatigue cracking. This report summarizes the field and laboratory studies conducted to investigate the influence of asphalt binder grade on the field performance of HMA pavements. In particular, the effect of binder grade on low temperature cracking and on permanent deformation (rutting) of pavement was investigated. In addition, the validity of some of the existing low-temperature models for assessing the susceptibility of a given binder to low temperature cracking is also analyzed. The study involved construction and field evaluation of six test sections on the interstate I-70, east of Indianapolis, Indiana. Four of the six sections contained various SUPERPAVE binder grades, one of the sections was constructed using traditional Marshal mix design, and one of the sections contained 15% of recycled asphalt concrete (RAP). The monitoring of performance of the test sections involved periodical distress surveys and collection of field cores for laboratory testing of volumetric, binder and aggregate properties. In addition, the original binders and plant mix samples were also evaluated. The results of this test program indicate that, in general, the binder grade does influence the field performance of HMA and that susceptibility to failure of a given material can (in many cases) be predicted from the laboratory test results. Particularly good correlation between the laboratory-based data and field performance was observed for low-temperature binder tests, indicating that these tests can reliably predict the critical cracking temperature of the pavement. On the other hand, the test results also confirmed that low-temperature prediction algorithms proposed in the original Superpave specifications were too conservative, for the environmental conditions present at the test site.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/70
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313193
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1541/viewcontent/jtrp70.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
low temperature cracking
rutting
recovered binders
critical cracking temperature
distress survey
weather station
Superpave performance tests
binder and mixture properties
SPR-2148
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1542
2013-11-10T23:49:36Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Low Cost Retaining Walls for Indiana Highways
Bourdeau, Philippe L.
Fox, Patrick J.
Runser, David Joseph
Lee, Jin-Pyo
Low-cost alternatives to traditional modular facing reinforced soil retaining walls were reviewed, on the basis of published data and information. Technological information, design methods and observed performance of segmental facing reinforced soil walls were used for this review. Guidelines are proposed for selection, design and construction of such retaining walls, within a limited range of conditions, in Indiana highway projects.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/71
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313194
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1542/viewcontent/jtrp71.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
soils
compaction
retaining wall
geosynthetic reinforcement
SPR-2207
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1544
2013-08-26T22:05:05Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) for Subgrade Assessment
Salgado, Rodrigo
Yoon, Sungmin
In-situ penetration tests have been widely used in geotechnical and foundation engineering for site investigation in support of analysis and design. The standard penetration test (SPT) and the cone penetration test (CPT) are two typical in-situ penetration tests. The dynamic cone penetration test shows features of both the CPT and the SPT. The DCPT is performed by dropping a hammer from a certain fall height and measuring penetration depth per blow for each tested depth. The DCPT is a quick test to set up, run, and evaluate on site. Due to its economy and simplicity, better understanding of DCPT results can reduce efforts and cost for evaluation of pavement and subgrade soils. Present practice in determining the adequacy of a compacted subgrade is to determine the dry density and water content by either the sand-cone method or the nuclear gauge. The use of the resilient modulus (Mr) has recently become mandatory for pavement design. To find the Mr, a time-consuming test is required which demands significant effort. Therefore, a faster and easier alternative for compaction control in road construction practice is desired. To this end, the present project is a step towards the generation of sufficient data to create appropriate correlations between subgrade parameters and DCPT results. The present research considers several subgrade soils at different road construction sites. Each soil is tested in the field and in the laboratory. The field testing includes the DCPT and nuclear density gauge tests. Based on analysis of this testing, the relationships between the DCPT results and the subgrade parameters such as unconfined compression strength and resilient modulus are obtained.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/73
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313196
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1544/viewcontent/jtrp73.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
subgrade
dynamic cone penetration test
dcpt
cone penetrometer
penetration resistance
dry density
moisture content
resilient modulus
SPR-2362
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1543
2013-11-13T17:16:48Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of Vehicle Platoon Distribution Models and Simulation of Platoon Movements on Indiana Rural Corridors
Jiang, Yi
Li, Shou
Shamo, Daniel E.
Since the 1980s, traffic volumes have experienced a rapid growth of approximately 30% in Indiana. Traffic data indicates that more than 70% of vehicles travel in platoons on Indiana highway corridors in the vicinity of urban areas. At a rural highway intersection consisting of a major road with high traffic volume and a minor road with low traffic volume, it is very common that the green time cannot be used efficiently, especially when the vehicle detectors on the major road are imbedded close to the intersection. In Indiana, most of the traffic signal timing systems operate well. However, these systems do not allow for considering the presence of vehicle platoons on major roads. For a semi-actuated or fully actuated signal control, the green on the major road is often terminated at the intersection due to the arrival of vehicles on the minor road. Vehicle platoons are often stopped to give the right-of-way to the minor traffic, even only a single vehicle. As a result, vehicle platoons are delayed, and the green time is not efficiently used. If this can be improved, traffic delay will be reduced. This study, as the second phase of a two-phase study of vehicle platoons, was conducted to improve traffic control at intersections on Indiana rural corridor. Major parameters of the vehicle platoon characteristics include platoon headway, inter-platoon headway, platoon size and platoon speed. Platoon behaviors and distribution patterns were identified with respect to these parameters. A platoon-based adaptive algorithm was derived for traffic signal timing. A simulation computer program was developed for analyzing the performance of platoon-based traffic control systems and effects of the key platoon related traffic measurements.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/72
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313195
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1543/viewcontent/jtrp72.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Vehicle Platoon
Traffic Control
Intersection
Signal Timing
Traffic Delay
Simulation
SPR-2396
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1545
2012-10-11T19:48:42Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Effective Scheduling of Road and Bridge Closures: Phase 2
Sinha, Kumares C.
Jha, Mithilesh K.
This research provides a study on work zone impact analysis. In case of multiple road closures, the network approach is used to find an effective scheduling such that the total user delay is reduced. A dynamic model for analyzing the work zone impact during the period when network is in transition state is also developed. A salient feature of the dynamic model is drives’ perception updating model, which incorporates availability and the quality of information as perceived by drivers.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/74
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313197
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1545/viewcontent/jtrp74.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
management
work zones
traffic network impact
dynamic analysis
HPR-2111
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1546
2013-11-11T01:54:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Effectiveness of the Borman Expressway ITS Program on Local Air Quality
LaBreche, Timothy M.
Jacko, Robert Bertram
Partridge, Barry K.
Schneider, William H.
Soliman, Ahmed S.
Particulate Matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and meteorological parameters were monitored at 10 second averaging intervals adjacent the Borman Expressway in Northwestern Indiana before and during the implementation of an Intelligent Transportation System. Traffic data was collected from sensors on the expressway. The high-resolution data permitted the expressway contribution to local air quality to be separated from background components of local air quality and significant correlations were made between pollutant flux and traffic flow and pollutant flux and highway occupancy. Traffic incidents (accidents / congestion) were shown to have a rapid impact on local air quality. In many examples, during-incident pollution flux increased 2 to 3 times pre-incident levels. Oversaturated traffic operating conditions deleteriously affected local air quality and if avoided by ITS or other methods would significantly improve local air quality.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/75
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313198
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1546/viewcontent/jtrp75.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
ITS
Intelligent
Transportation
Systems
Environmental
Air
Pollution
Database
PM2.5
CO
Fine
Particulate
Matter
Carbon
Monoxide
Borman
Expressway
Ambient Monitoring
SPR-2338
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1547
2012-10-11T19:48:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Effects of Heavier Truck Loadings and Super-Single Tires on Subgrades
Salgado, Rodrigo
Kim, Daehyeon
Due to their efficiency and economy, super-single tires have gradually been replacing conventional dual tires in the trucking industry. According to recent studies, super-single tires generate much higher vertical contact stresses than do conventional dual tires, resulting in larger deformations and more severe damage to the subgrade. In order to better assess the higher stresses generated by super-single tires and their effect on the subgrade, analyses are done taking into account soil plasticity rather than simple elastic analysis. In this study, the effects of super-single tires on subgrades for typical road cross-sections are investigated using plane-strain (2D) and 3D static and dynamic finite element analyses. The analyses focus on the sand and clay subgrades rather than on asphalt and base layers. The subgrades are modeled as saturated in order to investigate the effects of porewater pressures under the most severe conditions. The analyses suggest that current flexible pavement design methods are unconservative for the increased loads imposed by super-single tires on the pavement system. Load Equivalent Factors (LEF) and damage factors for super-single tires are suggested for use of those values in design practice. The effects of overlay and subgrade improvement are investigated in order to mitigate the higher strains generated by super-single tire loadings in the subgrade. Subgrade improvement allows decreasing the adverse effects of super-single tires on the subgrades. FE analyses are also done in order to assess the performance of the Indiana typical pavements for the super-heavy loads (occurred in Texas during 1990s). This investigation is to evaluate how much plastic strain by super-heavy loads occurs in the subgrade and asphalt layers as compared with the super-single tire loadings.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/76
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313199
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1547/viewcontent/jtrp76.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
super-single tires
subgrades
flexible pavement
finite element analysis
soil plasticity
porewater pressure
contact stress
overlay
subgrade improvement
SPR-2402
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1548
2012-10-11T19:48:48Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Effects of Salt and Its Trace Minerals on Aggregate in Bituminous Pavements
West, Terry R.
Park, H. J.
Grover, S. E.
Research on the effects of deicing salts and their trace minerals on bituminous highway wearing courses was prompted by early pavement deterioration of federal and state highways in Indiana. Several bituminous surface courses containing slag, slag-dolomite, or dolomite aggregates showed deterioration soon after deicing salts were first applied. Initially, a detailed literature review (Appendix A of report) was conducted. Data on eighteen dolomite sources from a previous study (Bruner, Choi and West, 1995) plus ten additional dolomite sources formed the basis for the brine freeze thaw testing program. Mercury intrusion porosimetry testing conducted on multiple specimens showed that rock texture significantly affects pore size distribution. Petrographic analysis, acid etching of thin sections and electron microprobe studies revealed the distribution of clays on dolomite grains. Additional brine freeze thaw testing on selected dolomite sources, plus one slag sample, were conducted using deicing salts from six Indiana highway districts. Petrographic evaluation of pavement cores from the distressed pavements was accomplished. Brine freeze thaw test results ranged from 0.6 to 27.3% loss for the 28 samples; this test is a good measure of aggregate durability. INDOT has recommended a maximum 30% loss for the brine freeze thaw test. Regression analysis showed that acid insoluble residue content and sodium sulfate loss have the highest correlation with brine freeze thaw loss; elemental magnesium content has a negative correlation with it. It is concluded that dolomite aggregates with a low insoluble residue content have lower sulfate soundness losses, lower brine freeze-thaw losses and greater durability. Evaluation of pavement cores indicated no evidence of deterioration caused by aggregate weathering or degradation. Brine freeze thaw testing is a good measure of freeze thaw resistance of aggregates in bituminous surface courses and no evidence was found indicating that early deterioration of the pavements studied was caused by salt attack.
1999-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/77
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313200
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1548/viewcontent/jtrp77.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
aggregates
bituminous overlays
brine freeze-thaw testing
dolomite
slag
insoluble residue
petrography
porosimetry
SPR-2137
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1549
2012-10-11T19:48:51Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Effects of Salt and Trace Minerals for Bituminous Pavement Literature Review, Information Gathering, and Research Plan Development
Pittenger, Robert Allan
West, Terry R.
A review of current literature on the effects of deicing salt and trace minerals, such as sulfate, on aggregate deterioration was conducted. Such deterioration in both Portland cement concrete, and bituminous pavements was reviewed. For Portland cement concrete, it was determined that current research on the effects of moisture and deicing salt on aggregates concrete matrix durability, with little discussion on the effects on aggregates. The effects of trace minerals in deicing salt are also rarely discussed. Pore size distribution, insoluble residue, absorption, and susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction all appear to affect aggregate durability in the presence of moisture of freeze-thaw. Based on available research, it is concluded that salt in solution exacerbates the damaging effects of moisture and freeze-thaw on aggregates. Several researchers currently are evaluating other features of aggregate deterioration by deicing salts. Moisture damage effects on aggregates in bituminous pavements have been widely studied. Damage potential is strongly related to the susceptibility of stripping of the bituminous covering from the aggregate surface. Research has been conducted on the use of various additives to reduce stripping, some of which consist of proprietary commercial formulations. There is also extensive research on testing procedures, which predict stripping potential of aggregates. However, the added effect of deicing salt has received relatively little attention. Some researchers have speculated that deicing salts may increase the brittleness of asphalt pavements thereby increasing susceptibility to moisture. Determining specific effects of deicing salts on aggregate may prove difficult because of the numerous properties that affect the stripping potential of aggregates for bituminous pavements. Mixture type, placement techniques and traffic, as well as aggregate properties, appear to be related to a bituminous pavement’s susceptibility to moisture damage.
1995-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/78
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313201
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1549/viewcontent/jtrp78.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
deicing salt
aggregate deterioration
moisture damage
SPR-2120
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1550
2013-11-10T23:50:12Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Embankment Widening Design Guidelines and Construction Procedures
Deschamps, Richard J.
Hynes, Christopher S.
Bourdeau, Philippe L.
In recent years failures have occurred in Indiana highway embankments where the embankments were widened and steepened in order to facilitate construction of longer, safer acceleration and deceleration lanes and to increase the traffic capacity and efficiency of existing thoroughfares. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of failure and to make recommendations for modifying the existing INDOT Standard Specifications and construction guidelines in an attempt to avoid similar failures in the future. A literature review and survey of state and federal transportation agencies was performed to collect current, available design guidelines and construction procedures for sideslope steepening projects. Several projects were investigated where widening and steepening of existing embankments was performed. Both failed and successful projects were investigated to discern the differences in approach used that may have led to failure in some cases. For each site, available design documents and construction records were reviewed to identify key aspects of individual projects that may have contributed to the projects being categorized as successful or unsuccessful. In general, very little information was available in terms of engineering design documents, field observations during construction, or as-built drawings for these projects. For the most part quality control tests were limited to the right-of-way with few tests conducted in the widened slopes. Investigations of the failed embankments involved both field investigations and laboratory tests, including SPT and CPT tests, test pits, in situ density tests, index tests, compaction tests, and strength tests. Investigations of successful projects were also performed and included site reconnaissance and hand auger borings. The results of the investigations indicate that failure of the widened embankments resulted from sub-standard compaction of fill and inadequate benching into the original embankment. Surface water infiltration from the roadway run-off contributed to the problem, possibly saturating and softening the soils. It is concluded that the slope failures investigated would not have occurred if INDOT Standard Specifications were followed during construction. Therefore, it appears that the primary cause of failure is the lack of appreciation of the potential risk by the parties involved. Several recommendations are provided to help prevent these types of failure in the future, including modifications to the existing specifications and the transfer of information among INDOT personnel
1999-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/79
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313202
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1550/viewcontent/jtrp79.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
soils
embankments
compaction
failure
widening
steepening
benching
curbing
compaction control
SPR-2039
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1553
2012-10-11T19:49:00Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Estimating Statewide Trip Tables from Vehicle Classification Counts
Yang, James
Fricker, Jon D.
Although a statewide trip table is an important ingredient in the statewide planning process, such information is difficult to obtain. The study described in this report investigated the applicability to the state-level problem of existing software developed to estimate trip tables in urban areas (or smaller) from link counts. Criteria that would form the basis for determining the applicability of any particular software package were developed. Packages such as The Highway Emulator (THE), PC-LINKOD, and Fast Matrix Calibration (FMC) were tested using small and medium sized networks. Because FMC performed the best on these tests, it was applied to the state-level trip table estimation problem. However, FMC was designed to update an existing trip table, and Indiana had no such previous trip table. As a result, an “O-D Factoring” procedure was adopted to convert zone-by-zone origin and destination totals into an initial trip table that could be updated by FMC. By making some adjustments to the elasticities in FMC, a trip table was developed for the Indiana state highway network.
1996-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/82
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313205
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1553/viewcontent/jtrp82.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
trip table estimation
state highway networks
origins
destinations
HPR-2068
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1551
2013-11-13T17:24:39Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Emergency Earthquake Routes; Part I, Criteria for Selection of Primary Routes; and Part II: Route Seismic Vulnerability Aspects
Ramirez, Julio
Peeta, Srinivas
Sozen, Mete
Garcia, Luis
Viswanath, Kannan
The occurrence of a strong earthquake in Indiana or neighboring states, as has occurred in the past, has serious implications for the State Transportation System with respect to adequate response. The definition of Earthquake Emergency Routes for the State of Indiana became a priority for the Indiana Department of Transportation. These Emergency Routes take into account various aspects related to transportation including coverage of population and area and travel time along these routes, and issues related to structural and geotechnical seismic vulnerability of the roads and bridges along these routes. Part I of the overall study report formulates a multi-commodity maximal covering network design problem (MCNDP) for identifying critical routes, for earthquake response and to seismically retrofit bridges. In the MCNDP, routes are sought that minimize the total travel time over the selected routes and maximize the total population covered, subject to a budget constraint on bridge retrofitting costs on the selected routes. The problem is formulated as a twoobjective integer programming model and solved using the branch-and-cut module in the CPLEX optimizer. The model performance is analyzed using the transportation network in southwest Indiana. A problem reduction strategy is introduced to reduce computational times by recognizing that the critical routes are not usually circuitous. Thereby, the search for the critical routes for an origin-destination (O-D) pair is confined to a limited geographical region around it. To further reduce computational costs, the formulation is extended to incorporate valid inequalities that exploit the problem structure. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the effects of varying the budget and the relative weights of the two objectives. Noninferior frontiers that illustrate the trade-offs between the conflicting objectives for different budgets are constructed to provide practical insights to decision-makers. The final selected routes in addition include constraints set by the Study Advisory Committee regarding specific roads to be included in the final set. Part II of the study report covers the structural and geotechnical seismic issues related to the definition of Earthquake Emergency Routes for the State of Indiana. Previous worldwide experience on bridge damage during strong earthquakes has influenced the bridge earthquake design specifications and mitigation procedures. The evolution of the relevant requirements in the AASHTO Specifications and the existence of a proposed draft seismic design specification under development as part of the NCHRP Project 12-49 have significant implications in the assessment of the existing vulnerability, its mitigation, and the design of new bridges along the Emergency Routes. Geographical Information System (GIS) was implemented to assist the evaluation of seismic vulnerability of the proposed Indiana Emergency Routes. Using the available information, the GIS implementation may be used for mitigation of vulnerability, simulation, and response to a strong earthquake in Indiana incorporating information from the Indiana Department of Transportation (Indot) maintenance database and selected structural and geotechnical information from the relevant bridge drawings. Findings from a vulnerability assessment as well as final calibration performed using selected representative bridge data such as drawings and soil exploration descriptions are also reported. Vulnerability was evaluated for different levels of ground acceleration in order to obtain behavior patterns for selected bridges and to illustrate upgrade needs for the transportation structures on the Emergency Routes. The information contained in this report could be used to assist the engineers in conducting simulations that will help Indot to devise mitigation policies for different earthquake occurrence scenarios and to evaluate potential alternative routes.
2005-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/80
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313203
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1551/viewcontent/jtrp80.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
emergency routes
critical routes
earthquake response
transportation structures
highway bridges
retrofit of bridges
bridge design specifications
transportation systems
transportation networks
liquefaction
bridge seismic vulnerability
seismic risk of Indiana
New Madrid Seismic Zone
Wabash valley Seismic Zone
SPR-2480
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1554
2013-11-11T00:10:46Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation and Policy for Bridge Deck Expansion Joints
Chang, Luh M.
Lee, Yao-Jong
This report is an overview of the research that was performed for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) concerning the performance of bridge deck expansion joints. The purpose of the research is to evaluate several types of joints currently in use and also provides the evaluation criteria for rating the joint condition. The types of joints investigated are Compression Seal (B.S.) joint, Strip Seal (S.S.) joint, Integral Abutment Jointless (I.A.) joint, Poured Silicone (XJS) joint, and Polymer Modified Asphalt (LDI and PaveTech) joint. The research was performed by questionnaire surveys, Roadway Management data analysis, expert interviews, and site assessment. The problems and their causes, the merits, the potential improvements, and the estimated lives of these types of joints were identified from the questionnaire surveys. The results showed that the S.S., B.S., and I.A. joints are rated as the top three for their longer estimated lives as well as other attributes The results of the factor and logistic regression analyses of the INDOT Roadway Management data indicate that the performances of the S.S., B.S., and I.A. joint are rated first, second, and third respectively, based on deterioration rates under identical conditions of traffic loading, settlement, and age. Other types of joints could not be analyzed due to insufficient data. The investigation of the practices of surrounding states revealed that each state has its own experiences in using and maintaining the joints. There are no uniform drawings, specifications, and maintenance strategies among the investigated states. The investigation also showed that the Integral Abutment Expansion joint (I.A.) is commonly being used in the surrounding states. Finally the research provides pilot evaluation schemes for inspecting joints. Based on the findings of this research, an implementation policy has been designed to ensure the longer service life of expansion joints.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/83
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313206
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1554/viewcontent/jtrp83.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
expansion joint
logistic regression
odds ratio
factor analysis
SPR-2198
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1555
2012-10-11T19:49:04Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana
Bowman, Mark D.
Piskorowski, Amy M.
Throughout the state of Indiana, there a number of older, historical bridges which have been in service since the late 19th century. Many, although not all, of these bridges are truss structures comprised either partially or completely of wrought iron members. Moreover, most of them need some degree pf maintenance or rehabilitation. However, engineers who must recommend repair or rehab operations typically do not know the material properties and behavior of wrought iron members. Consequently, an investigation was initiated to review and classify typical material properties of wrought iron members. This investigation involved three phases that included a literature review of other research and bridge rehabilitation studies, a survey of many transportation agencies throughout Indiana and the United States, and fundamental material and mechanical testing in the laboratory. Based upon this research, rehabilitation and repair recommendations for wrought iron members in existing bridges were then developed.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/84
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313207
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1555/viewcontent/jtrp84.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
historic bridges
bridge rehabilitation
wrought iron
truss bridges
repair procedures
rehabilitation
welding
SPR-2655
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1556
2013-11-11T02:47:29Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of INDOT Construction Smoothness Specifications
Pellinen, Terhi K.
Chou, Shao-Fan
Currently, Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is using the California Profilograph as the standard measuring device in its smoothness specifications. The output derived from the profilograph is called Profile Index (PI). PI represents the total accumulated deviations of the profilograph output traces beyond a tolerance zone (blanking band). At present, INDOT is using 0.2-inch blanking band to evaluate the profile traces, which has raised some concerns because some small unpleasant surface irregularities are covered by the blanking band. The major objective of this study was to develop a rational method for interpreting profilograph traces using 0.0-inch blanking band (zero tolerance) method and to establish corresponding pavement smoothness specifications. The secondary objective was to develop/adopt an automated system for the pavement profile analysis from printed profilograph traces. The study was divided into two parts. In the first part (synthesis study), a literature review was conducted to obtain information of smoothness specifications, smoothness measuring devices, and indices. Profilograph traces from several completed paving projects were analyzed using 0.2-inch and 0.0-inch blanking bands to develop manual reduction procedure for the 0.0-inch blanking band Profile Index. In the second part of the project, new PI0.0 construction smoothness specifications were developed by converting current PI0.2 smoothness specifications to the new PI0.0 specifications using developed conversion models. The converted PI0.0 specifications were then compared with the current Kansas DOT (KDOT) and other PI0.0 specifications. A partial verification of the converted PI0.0 specification was done by calculating pay factors for several recently completed paving projects measured using California profilograph. Measurement results were reduced manually and automatically by the Proscan system, which includes scanner and analysis program to reduce printed traces. It has been developed by Kansas State University and currently KDOT is using it in their construction QA procedures. The Proscan system showed excellent repeatability, and it saved considerable amount of time compared to the manual trace reduction. It is therefore recommended that INDOT uses Proscan system in their constitution QA operations. The converted PI0.0 specifications were also modified to comply with the Proscan reduction results.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/85
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313208
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1556/viewcontent/jtrp85.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Smoothness specification
zero blanking band
California Profilograph
Proscan
0.2 in. blanking band
SPR-2711
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1559
2012-10-11T19:49:12Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Safety Enforcement on Changing Driver Behavior - Runs on Red (1 of 2 Volumes)
Tarko, Andrzej P.
Reddy, Naredla Lakshmi
Red light running (RLR) is a dangerous act. Approximately 22% of urban crashes at signalized intersections are caused nationwide by RLR. Nearly 1,036 deaths were caused nationwide by RLR in the year 2000. Indiana had no previous research conducted in this area; therefore, this research was aimed at estimating the RLR problem in Indiana. The other objectives of this research included: learning drivers’ opinions on the problem, studying the effectiveness of selected countermeasures, and studying the legal issues related to photo-enforcement. A crash statistics study, telephone survey, and extended monitoring of a selected intersection were the three major approaches chosen to estimate the magnitude of the problem. The crash statistics for the 1997-1999 period showed that 22% of signalized intersection crashes were caused in Indiana by RLR. RLR preceded 50% of fatal crashes at these intersections. The telephone survey showed that 67% of Indiana drivers felt that RLR was a problem in the state. Twelve percent of them claimed to have been involved in a RLR crash. The extended monitoring of the through movements at the study intersection also recorded a considerable violation rate. These results indicate that RLR may be considered a problem in Indiana. Traffic at a selected intersection in West Lafayette, Indiana, was videotaped and the video material was used to detect the red light violations. The expected number of drivers arriving at the start of the red signal has been proposed as a true measure of exposure to RLR. We call it an opportunity for RLR. This exposure was used to estimate the RLR rate. The statistical significance of the difference in the RLR rates between different periods was estimated using binomial distribution. Police enforcement was evaluated and found to reduce the violation rate by approximately 75% in the week immediately after the enforcement. A reduction of 37% was observed after another two weeks. The photo- enforcement reduced the violation rate by 62% during the week of enforcement and by 35% during the week immediately following. Young people violated red lights more frequently than other drivers. The legal issues that related to RLR and photo-enforcement were studied. The present state law in Indiana does not support the use of photo-enforcement.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/88
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313211
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1559/viewcontent/jtrp88.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
red light running
enforcement
safety
driver behavior
SPR-2484
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1558
2013-11-11T01:35:08Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Lightweight Non-Contact Profilers
Mondal, Amit
Hand, Adam J.
Ward, David R.
Pavement smoothness was recently identified as the most significant factor the motoring public uses to judge the quality of our Nations roadways. A new generation of lightweight profilers has recently been developed, which have the potential of providing nearly instantaneous smoothness measurements, providing contractors with a tool to identify and address process control issues promptly and cost effectively. The new technology was co-operatively evaluated by a team of Purdue University and Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) researchers to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the devices, as well as the potential for their use in Indiana. A successful field test was conducted, with four ASTM Class I lightweight profilers performing five replicate measurements at each of six sites; three hot mix asphalt (HMA) and three portland cement concrete (PCC) sites. Smoothness data was reported in terms of International Roughness Index (IRI), PI-0.0” blanking band and PI- 0.2” blanking in inches/mile. The field test data showed good repeatability and poor reproducibility in terms of the smoothness indices reported, the profiles generated and the identification of must-grind locations. The performance of the lightweight profilers was adversely affected by extreme geometric conditions at some sites. The precision of the devices was determined in accordance with ASTM standards and also revealed good repeatability but poor reproducibility. The reproducibility of the devices was so poor that it was recommended that INDOT retain its current smoothness specification which relies on the California Profilograph until the lightweight profiler technology is refined. Smoothness specifications of other states were reviewed in light of their application to lightweight profilers and a draft smoothness specification based on lightweight profilers was developed for INDOT. It was further recommended that the draft specification not be implemented until the profiler refinements are achieved, but rather the proposed pay adjustment factors be evaluated over the coming construction season on a trial basis, such that when the lightweight profilers are refined an implementable specification will be available.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/87
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313210
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1558/viewcontent/jtrp87.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
lightweight profiers
Portland cement concrete pavements
hot mix asphalt pavements
Internationl Roughness Index
profile index
preceision
repeatability
reproducibility
specifications
pay adjustment factors
SPR-2302
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1560
2012-10-11T19:49:14Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Safety Enforcement on Changing Driver Behavior - Runs on Red (2 of 2 Volumes)
Zahnke, Robert C.
Drake, Maria L.
Thomaz, Jose E.
Red light running (RLR) is a dangerous act. Approximately 22% of urban crashes at signalized intersections are caused nationwide by RLR. Nearly 1,036 deaths were caused nationwide by RLR in the year 2000. Indiana had no previous research conducted in this area; therefore, this research was aimed at estimating the RLR problem in Indiana. The other objectives of this research included: learning drivers’ opinions on the problem, studying the effectiveness of selected countermeasures, and studying the legal issues related to photo-enforcement. A crash statistics study, telephone survey, and extended monitoring of a selected intersection were the three major approaches chosen to estimate the magnitude of the problem. The crash statistics for the 1997-1999 period showed that 22% of signalized intersection crashes were caused in Indiana by RLR. RLR preceded 50% of fatal crashes at these intersections. The telephone survey showed that 67% of Indiana drivers felt that RLR was a problem in the state. Twelve percent of them claimed to have been involved in a RLR crash. The extended monitoring of the through movements at the study intersection also recorded a considerable violation rate. These results indicate that RLR may be considered a problem in Indiana. Traffic at a selected intersection in West Lafayette, Indiana, was videotaped and the video material was used to detect the red light violations. The expected number of drivers arriving at the start of the red signal has been proposed as a true measure of exposure to RLR. We call it an opportunity for RLR. This exposure was used to estimate the RLR rate. The statistical significance of the difference in the RLR rates between different periods was estimated using binomial distribution. Police enforcement was evaluated and found to reduce the violation rate by approximately 75% in the week immediately after the enforcement. A reduction of 37% was observed after another two weeks. The photo- enforcement reduced the violation rate by 62% during the week of enforcement and by 35% during the week immediately following. Young people violated red lights more frequently than other drivers. The legal issues that related to RLR and photo-enforcement were studied. The present state law in Indiana does not support the use of photo-enforcement.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/89
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313212
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1560/viewcontent/jtrp89.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
red light running
enforcement
safety
driver behavior
SPR-2484
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1561
2013-01-30T15:24:00Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Scour and Stream Stability by Using CAESAR
Chen, Huey-Long
Rao, A. Ramachandra
Lyn, Dennis A.
Altschaeffl, A. G.
The performance of an expert system (CAESAR for Catalog and Expert Evaluation of Scour Risk and River Stability) for an initial evaluation of scour and stream stability was assessed. Three alternative scour indices are used to compare with the evaluation results of CAESAR. These scour indices include the Observed Streambed Scour index, the INDOT Potential Streambed Scour Index, and the Simon Potential Streambed Scour Index. Ten bridges in Indiana are selected for evaluation in this study. The scour indices and the field inspection information required by CAESAR are retrieved from the USGS data base. In general, the results show that CAESAR is able to reflect current scour risks as well as the Observed Streambed Scour Index, and the results from CAESAR identifies more bridges as scour critical than the INDOT Potential Streambed Scour Index and the Simon Potential Streambed Scour Index. Because the INDOT Potential Streambed Scour Index and the Simon Potential Streambed Scour Index do not take into account the overall stream geometry, bank materials, channel and floodplain widths, and other considerations required by CAESAR, the results of these two indices are not as conservative as that given by CAESAR. It is concluded that the results from CAESAR may be used to estimate the scour risk of bridge piers.
2000-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/90
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313213
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1561/viewcontent/jtrp90.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
CAESAR
scour indices
bridge scour
SPR-2149
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1563
2012-10-11T19:49:20Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Strand Transfer and Development Lengths in Pretensioned Girders with Semi-Lightweight Concrete
Peterman, Robert J.
Ramirez, J. A.
Olek, J.
Indiana has been using lightweight aggregate consisting mostly of expanded shale in the production of prestressed concrete bridge girders for several projects. The lightweight aggregate has been used as partial replacement for regular gravel or crushed limestone coarse aggregate. This semi-lightweight concrete weighs around 2080 kg/m .
In a study sponsored by the FHWA, the current AASHTO equations for the calculation of transfer and development lengths of prestressing strand were found to be unconservative in the case of lightweight concrete members with unit weight less than 1 920 kg/m3 . This finding raises a question regarding the applicability of the same equations to semi-lightweight concrete members.
The objective of this study co-sponsored by the Indiana Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration is to determine if the current AASHTO Specifications are applicable to semi-lightweight pretensioned concrete bridge members. The study addresses the transfer and development lengths of 13.3 mm and 15.2 mm pretensioned strand in semi-lightweight concrete girders with concrete compressive strength of 48 MPa for the 1 3.3 mm strand and 69 MPa for the 1 5.2 mm strand. Two strand types were considered in this study.
The results of the laboratory evaluation suggest that the current transfer length of 50 strand diameters is adequate for semilightweight concrete if longitudinal cracks are not present along the transfer length. In the presence of longitudinal splitting cracks, the measured transfer length increased to approximately 70 strand diameters. It is recommended that the current requirements for strand development length be enforced at a distance "dp " from the point of maximum moment towards the free end of the strand. The quantity "dp" is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing steel but not less than 80% of the overall member height, hi the specimens tested, web-shear cracks, intercepting the transfer length near the member ends, were not present.
1999-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/92
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313215
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1563/viewcontent/jtrp92.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bond
concrete bridges
development length
prestressing strand
semi-lightweight concrete
SPR-2195
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1565
2012-10-11T19:49:25Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of the Implementation of Hot Pour Sealants and Equipment for Crack Sealing in Indiana
Ward, David R.
This study was initiated as an implementation effort that would monitor, assist with and report on a new maintenance activity involving the trial use of hot pour crack sealant. Work associated with this new activity was qualitatively assessed over a period of several years. INDOT began by purchasing six oil-jacketed melters that were distributed to various sub-districts. Previous INDOT research indicated using hot pour sealant might save on labor expense because it lasted significantly longer than the current emulsion. Random observations were made of various sub-district crews using hot pour sealant and the results were reported to appropriate personnel. Inspections were made on field operations and equipment performance. The study resulted in the preparation of a written work activity, development of general guidelines for sealing, creation of a training video, the exchange of information and reporting of findings. As a result of this study and other efforts INDOT has purchased several more melters with improved features. The total volume of hot pour sealing being conducted is relatively small compared to emulsion sealing. Currently INDOT spends over two million dollars on crack sealing efforts. This study has prompted the need to conduct research that will examine the cost effectiveness of crack sealing.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/94
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313217
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1565/viewcontent/jtrp94.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
crack
sealant
melter
router
SPR-2076
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1564
2013-11-11T02:48:14Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Surface (Top Down) Longitudinal Wheel Path Cracking
Pellinen, Terhi K.
Rowe, Geoff
Biswas, Kalapi
The research involved evaluating three surface cracked pavements during 2002 and 2003. A 500m section of I-65 North of Lafayette was chosen as the first site (designated as Site 1), an I-65 section in downtown Indianapolis was the second site (Site 2), and US-421 in Madison was the third site (Site 3). Site 1 had 11-year old pavement, Site 2 had 12-year old pavement and Site 3 had 4.5-year old pavement. All these sites exhibited longitudinal wheel path cracking which was later identified as top-down cracking. All sites had excellent structural capacity indicating that the top-down cracking was confined in the pavement surface. This was confirmed by visual inspection of cores. The causes for top-down cracking in the surface layer were identified as follows: 1) non-uniformities in the material properties caused by construction practices such as segregation; 2) high in-situ air void content; 3) low amount of fines in mixtures, and 4) aging of binder. However, the study was not able to identify/verify any structural causes for top-down cracking.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/93
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313216
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1564/viewcontent/jtrp93.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
top-down cracking
binder stiffness
structural capacity
segregation
mix stiffness
modeling
SPR-2788
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1566
2012-10-11T19:49:29Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of Zero Velocity Deicer Spreader and Salt Spreader
Nantung, Tommy E
Increasing traffic volumes and declining resources have led to a need for innovative winter maintenance strategies, techniques, equipment and materials while not sacrificing the safety of the traveling public. Any reduction of salt usage will ease fund for other maintenance operations while minimizing salt runoff on surface and ground waters and effect of road salt on roadside vegetation. In the past, conventional spreaders have been designed for sand and are generally incapable of metering the lower, more precise amount of salt desired. The use of materials in solid form demands critical timing of the application to minimize loss of the material by being blown off the road by traffic, especially by high speed and commercial vehicles. Further loss of a straight solid salt can occur during application with conventional spreaders because of the particles bouncing off the pavement. Advancements in the design of zero velocity spreaders have enabled the placement of solid chemicals on the pavement with minimum bounce. The basic principle of the zero velocity spreader is rather simple. The zero velocity spreader ejects salt particles at zero velocity relative to the roadway. With this principle, salt particles are “placed” to the intended area on the roadway and a lot less to the area outside the roadway. Based on the tests, the Zero Velocity Systems will give excellent performance with a large number of cost savings due to the accurate placement of salt particles on the roadway. However, on the slower truck speed, a modified system such as the Y system or Muncie system, can give a satisfactory result as well.
2001-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/95
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313218
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1566/viewcontent/jtrp95.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
zero velocity
salt spreader
SPR-2147
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1567
2012-10-11T19:49:31Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation Procedures for Deploying Spread Spectrum Interconnect
Krogmeier, J. V.
This purpose of this project was the design and construction of a testbed network for experimentation with spread spectrum communications in the 900 and 2400 MHz band. The current network consists of five fixed nodes and two portable nodes. Of the fixed nodes, three are located in the Purdue MSEE building, one is located in the Harold L. Michael Traffic Operations Laboratory, and one is located in the experimental traffic signal cabinet at the intersection of Stadium and Northwestern Avenues in West Lafayette. The testbed has been used to evaluate spread spectrum radio technologies from vendors Microwave Data Systems, GINA, and EnCom, as regards radio performance as a function of link distance and with varying levels of interference. The project has produced software that can be used to test any radio presenting a standard RS-232 interface to customer equipment. The testbed can also be interfaced with wireless channel emulator equipment located in the Wireless Communications Research Laboratory in order to test radio performance in multipath and fading environments. The field tests conducted to date have yielded the following conclusions regarding the design of spread spectrum interconnect for the traffic signal control application. First, as regards the need for line-of-sight between radio antennas, we were able to establish a link even when line of sight was not available although the resulting communication was somewhat error prone. If an additional robust protocol were designed these radios could work even in non-line-of-sight applications. The protocol would need to emphasize an efficient retransmission scheme as opposed to the use of more powerful forward error control codes (this observation comes from the link error statistics gathered from field testing). Second, it was noted that the RSSI (which stands for received signal strength indicator) value was not a completely informative measure of link quality. In other words, the link testing software found many instances of links where RSSI was relatively large yet many errors were incurred. Such situations always involved interference or suspected interference. Third, as regards the choice of antenna (Yagi versus omni) it is concluded that Yagi antennas (with their higher gain) were preferable in long distance rural environments. But in the presence of multipath propagation or interference (as in a town or city scenario) the omni was often preferable. Finally, interference tests showed that the MDS 9810 handled the interference well at the price of the throughput; the EnCom radio had a high throughput but also a high data loss rate in certain situations. It was concluded that if the application only needs between 6 and 14 kbps, the MDS radio is an ideal choice. For higher rate applications the EnCom radio would be preferred.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/96
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313219
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1567/viewcontent/jtrp96.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
wireless communications
spread spectrum
traffic signal control
SPR-2395
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1568
2012-10-11T19:49:32Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation, Analysis, and Enhancement of INDOT's Utility Accommodation Policy
Arboleda, Carlos A.
Jeong, Hyung Seok
Abraham, Dulcy M.
Gokhale, Sanjiv B.
The Utility Accommodation Policy (UAP) is a collection of the regulations and practices to control the utility occupancy of all public highway rights-of-way under jurisdiction of the different States. UAPs not only help to regulate the installation of new utilities and the renovation of the currently installed by construction companies, subcontractors, and utilities companies, but also provide a framework to develop and preserve a safe roadside and to minimize possible interferences and impairment to the highway, its structures, appearance, safe operation, construction and maintenance. According to FHWA (2002) “Present FHWA regulations, policies, and practices dealing with utility relocation and accommodation matters have evolved from basic principles established decades ago, with many of the policies remaining unchanged.” It is therefore imperative to develop a utility accommodation policy that reflects the current needs of the industry. The current utility accommodation policy of the State of Indiana (policy) was adopted on September 10, 1990. It was revised on March 26, 1998 to include the placement of telecommunication towers within highway right-of-way of partial or full access control. In order to achieve an effective accommodation of existing and new utilities, INDOT’s current Utility Accommodation Policy (UAP) was revisited and analyzed by comparing UAPs in mid-west states and incorporating experts opinions from INDOT and related industry. The advances in construction technologies such as trenchless technology and Subsurface Utility Engineering as well as the demands for new types of utilities, and issues related right-of-way, permits, appurtenances, emergency responses, etc. were analyzed and the implications of these were addressed in INDOT’s new UAP.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/97
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313220
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1568/viewcontent/jtrp97.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Utility Accommodation Policy
Utility Relocation
Utility Permit
Utility
Department of Transportation
Subsurface Utility Engineering
Trenchless Technology
Right-of-Way
SPR-2775
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1569
2013-11-11T00:45:48Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Family of Compaction Curves for Chemically Modified Soils
Daita, Radha Krishna
Drnevich, Vincent P.
Kim, Daehyeon
Lime and Lime Kiln Dust (LKD) are widely used for modifying/stabilizing pavement subgrades. The addition of lime or LKD involves chemical processes that are dependent on many parameters. For natural subgrades, quality control is based on moisture and unit weight requirements using manual interpolations of one-point test data on a family of curves. For modified soils, moisture and unit weight measurements are insufficient for quality control and other tests must be considered. Various possible quality control methods for LKD-modified subgrades were evaluated. This research produced an Excel-based program to automate the generation of a family of curves and one-point data interpolation. Families of curves for LKD-modified soils did not vary systematically, limiting their usefulness in quality control. Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and Time domain reflectometry (TDR) tests were considered as alternative means to achieve field quality control. The DCP test although promising, requires supplementary tests for completely characterizing a modified subgrade. LKD modification of soil involves chemical reactions which can be indirectly studied by measuring the electrical properties. The dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of a LKD-modified soil were measured using the Purdue TDR apparatus. Preliminary test results show that with the knowledge of two calibration constants, the dielectric constant of a soil measured following the Two-Step TDR test (ASTM D 6780) can be used for water content and unit weight determinations. The electrical conductivity of a LKD-modified soil decreases with time in a manner that is similar to the one-dimensional consolidation of a soil. The variation in electrical conductivity with time of a LKD-modified project soil was correlated to its strength and was also used to estimate the amount of LKD present in the soil. Future research should focus on extending these observations to other soils and to formulating a protocol for using the TDR test along with the DCP test for quality control of LKD-modified soils.
2005-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/98
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313221
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1569/viewcontent/jtrp98.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
soil modification
LKD
compaction
TDR method
electrical conductivity
penetration resistance
SPR-2850
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1570
2012-10-11T19:49:35Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Fatigue Behavior of Beam Diaphragm Connections With Intermittent Fillet Welds, Part I, Volume 1, Field Evaluation
Canna, Tammy L.
Bowman, Mark D.
This report is the first of a two-part, three volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the behavior of Indiana highway bridges with diaphragm members welded directly to the web of the primary beams and girders. Fatigue cracks have been observed at several bridges that utilize the welded diaphragm connection. The seriousness of the cracking and the corresponding potential risk on the integrity of the bridge superstructure were assessed. Inspection and repair guidelines for bridges with the welded diaphragm connections were also developed as part of the research effort. This volume presents the results of load tests on two bridge structures with different diaphragm connections. The importance of diaphragm configuration on the stress levels developed at the connection detail is presented. The titles of the three volumes (Report Number in parentheses) are listed below: Part I, Volume 1: Field Evaluation (FHWA/IN/JTRP– 2001/10 – I-1) Part I, Volume 2: Laboratory Fatigue Evaluation (FHWA/IN/JTRP-2001/10-I-2) Part II: Evaluation of Blue River Bridge Fracture (FHWA/IN/JTRP-2001/10-II)
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/99
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313222
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1570/viewcontent/jtrp99.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
bridge
connection
diaphragm
welded connection
fatigue
cracking
secondary bending
displacement-induced cracking
load-testing
inspection
retrofit
repair
SPR-2113
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1510
2013-08-26T22:04:22Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Cone Penetration Test to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Subgrade Soils
Luo, Xiadong
Salgado, Rodrigo
Altschaeffl, A. G.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between penetration resistance, dry density, moisture content, and resilient modulus of subgrade soils. The DCPT tests were conducted at eight sites. The nuclear gage and sand cone methods were used to estimate the dry density and moisture content of the subgrade soils. Disturbed soil samples were collected in the field. Atterberg limits and sieve analysis tests were conducted in the laboratory. For selected sites, laboratory DCPT tests were performed in a 12-inch mold along the compaction curves, and unconfined compression tests were conducted on 2.8-inch samples. The contours of laboratory penetration index with respect to dry density and moisture content were developed. Based on this information, the relationships between laboratory penetration index, unconfined compression test results and resilient modulus were found. Based on the field test results and unconfined compression test results, the relationship between field penetration index, dry density, moisture content, and resilient modulus for sandy lean clay was also found for select soil types. A framework for further development of such correlations for different soil types is now in place, which should facilitate future research.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/39
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313162
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1510/viewcontent/jtrp39.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
dynamic cone penetration
DCPT
subgrade soil
resilient modulus
soil compaction
SPR-2133
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1517
2013-11-11T00:59:34Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Controlling Air Content in Concrete That is Being Pumped, A Synthesis Study
Scholer, Charles F.
Grossman, Jay
Changes in the air content of fresh concrete that is being pumped can occur at a number of places. These locations include the initial loading of the concrete into the pump hopper, as it passes through the pump line, and when it exits the line. This synthesis reviews the findings of recent research studies which deal with air content change in pumped concrete and summarizes methods of reducing air loss caused by handling. Three main mechanisms by which air content is lost in fresh concrete that is being pumped have been noted. These factors include the high-pressure dissolution of air voids, the bursting of air voids by vacuum, and the loss of air content due to impact force. Entrained air content can be retained by proper attention to the pump operation and set-up. Keeping steeply descending sections of pump line to a minimum, using kinks, elbows, or reducers at the end of the line to slow the rate of concrete flow, and pumping the concrete at the lowest pressure possible will keep air content losses to a minimum. Further beneficial actions include not allowing rain water to enter the pump’s hopper, and minimizing the distance that the concrete must fall from the end of the pump line to the placement surface. Testing the air content of concrete at the point of placement will yield the most indicative results of the concrete in the finished structure.
1998-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/46
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313169
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1517/viewcontent/jtrp46.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
air content
air-entrained concrete
entrained air
pumping
air voids
SPR-2202
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1533
2012-10-11T19:48:17Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Portable Video Detection System for Counting Turning Vehicles at Intersections
Tarko, Andrzej P.
Lyles, Robert Scott
This research was conducted to test the feasibility of using existing video-detection techniques for counting turning volumes with a portable installation. This was accomplished by integrating a forty-five foot mechanical tower mounted on a van with two video detection systems, Autoscope and VideoTrak. The research project has produced results in three categories: prototype methods of counting turning volumes, evaluation results, and general specifications of a portable video-based system for counting vehicles at intersections. The method based on spot detection uses redundancy of data (more spots than movements) to improve the results quality. The method for VideoTrak one-dimensional tracking classifies maneuvers based on the location where vehicles enter and exit a tracking strip. Both the evaluated methods in their current versions do not meet the accuracy expectations expressed by the INDOT representatives. The general system specifications were developed to help build a prototype unit. The biggest challenge is the structure of the system that has to be portable, stable during data collection, and protected against tempering with. The authors advise postponing building a prototype system by the time needed to develop satisfactory image processing and interpretation software for identifying vehicles’ maneuvers at intersections.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/62
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313185
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1533/viewcontent/jtrp62.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
video detection
counting vehicles
turning movement
Autoscope
VideoTrak
SPR-2394
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1537
2012-10-11T19:48:26Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Development of a Strategy for Preparing an INDOT Storm Water Quality Management Plan
Corson, Lynn A.
The purpose of the study was to conduct research and prepare documents, data tables, reports and GIS maps to be included in the INDOT SWQMP that address each of the following Minimum Control Measures (MCMs) specified in the federal and state regulation: (1) public education and outreach; (2) public participation and involvement; (3) illicit discharge detection with elimination; (4) construction site runoff control; (5) post-construction runoff control and (6) pollution prevention and good housekeeping. The MCMs are minimum measures which, when implemented by INDOT, will ensure that storm water quality meets the minimum water quality standards. The research focused on the major provisions of the storm water regulations for Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) that will need to be addressed in INDOT’s storm water permit application. The study developed various databases, relying on GIS and other tools, to identify: (1) the INDOT maintenance facilities and highway segments within Indiana’s 147 MS4 communities; (2) receiving waters to which storm water from facilities and highways migrates; (3) “sensitive” areas, such as public swimming areas, surface drinking water intakes, waters containing endangered species and state outstanding and exceptional use waters, which could be degraded by contaminated storm water; and (4) available water quality monitoring data of the receiving waters in all MS4 areas. The study reviewed the department’s current policies, practices and procedures implemented as Best Management Practices (BMPs) to protect water quality and concludes with recommendations for expanding its efforts to meet the requirements of the storm water regulation.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/66
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313189
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1537/viewcontent/jtrp66.pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1537/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/AppendixE_State_Roads_in_MS4_areas.iso
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1537/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/Bridge_Log_Book.iso
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1537/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/state_roads_rule13_itemized_2004.xls
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
GIS
environmental sensitivity
salt operations
POTW
storm water
BMPs
MS4s
storm water controls
water quality monitoring data
MCMs
SPR-2752
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1557
2012-10-11T19:49:08Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation of INDOT Hyperfix Project
Sinha, Kumares C.
McCullouch, Bob G.
Bullock, Darcy M.
Konduri, Sravanthi
Fricker, Jon D.
Labi, Samuel
In 2003 the Indiana Department of Transportation executed an ambitious interstate reconstruction project in Indianapolis, named Hyperfix. This project completely closed the I-65/70 section during reconstruction, on which approximately 250,000 vehicles travel daily. Due to the scope and risk involved, an extensive amount of planning, coordination, and cooperation occurred. The main section was rebuilt during the total closure phase, which lasted 55 days. The total closure approach had never been performed before by INDOT on such a high volume artery in a downtown metropolitan area. This present study analyzed the project and its impact on the Indianapolis area. The report includes findings on planning and design issues, contractor and INDOT operations, traffic impact, business impact, the park and ride service implemented, and other issues related to total closure.
2004-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/86
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313209
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1557/viewcontent/jtrp86.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
Maintenance of traffic
contractor operations
traffic flow
accelerated construction
public relations
mass transit
design
traffic management
SPR-2890
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1562
2013-11-11T00:58:52Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
Evaluation Of Selected Video Detection Systems At Signalized Intersections
Grenard, Jeromy L.
Bullock, Darcy M.
Tarko, Andrzej P.
Video detection technologies have been emerging in recent years as a viable alternative to inductive loop detectors to actuate intersection signal controllers. There is a need for quantitative evaluation procedures for documenting the performance of video detection technologies. This quantitative data is needed to qualify systems for procurement and provide benchmarks for training traffic signal technicians that deploy and maintain these systems. This research makes use of two new evaluation procedures for video detection, with several measures of performance. The first of these evaluation procedures involves the comparison of the occupancy times of inductive loop detectors and video detectors to find the amount of discrepancy between the two. The second evaluation method involves calibrating a statistical model in order to determine which weather and traffic characteristics have the greatest effects on the operation of video detectors. This report describes the test facilities used, the evaluation methods used, and documents results of this research. Problems documented in this report were independently corroborated by INDOT personnel by conducting spot inspections at over a dozen intersections with deployed video detection systems.
2002-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/91
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313214
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1562/viewcontent/jtrp91.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
video detection evaluation
likelihood analysis
video detector error
inductive loop detector error
sensitivity analysis
SPR-2391
Civil Engineering
oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:jtrp-1596
2012-10-11T19:50:34Z
publication:jtrp
publication:jtrprogram
INDOT Highway Needs Analysis - Impacts of Physical Features (Horizontal and Vertical Curvature)
Kanekal, Sanjeev
Fricker, Jon D.
The INDOT Long-Range Planning Section has developed a set of planning tools that will support the system-level analysis of the state transportation system. These tools are employed to monitor transportation system performance, identify highway needs, and provide a quantitative analysis of the impacts of transportation improvement projects. One such tool is HERS/IN (Indiana Highway Economic Requirements System). The HERS/IN model identifies deficiencies in pavement, capacity, and alignment by referring to the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data of the roadway sections. The HERS model uses a method to accommodate the curve and grade data and, based on these data, it identifies highway alignment deficiencies. The roadway curve and grade data were collected in 1994 as a part of INDOT’s Pavement Management System. INDOT’s Long-Range Planning Section experienced difficulty in verifying these data and breaking it into meaningful segments. Therefore, the Indiana HPMS database did not include the curve and grade data. As a result, alignment deficiencies were not considered in the initial applications of HERS/IN. The objectives of the research project are to evaluate the curve and grade data available to INDOT and suggest a methodology that allows INDOT to identify alignment improvement projects, and to prioritize these projects. During the course of the project, we researched the various techniques used by other states to prepare the curve and grade database. We also learned about how other states program alignment correction projects. We evaluated the curve and grade data available to INDOT and how it can be used in HERS/IN to identify alignment correction projects. The research project provides INDOT with guidelines on how to efficiently program alignment correction projects.
2003-01-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/125
info:doi/10.5703/1288284313248
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/jtrp/article/1596/viewcontent/jtrp125.pdf
JTRP Technical Reports
Purdue University
HERS
Highway Economic Requirements System
curve correction
alignment correction
curve data
grade data.
SPR-2638
Civil Engineering
179287/oai_dc/100//